Redis是一款被廣泛應(yīng)用的開源Key-Value數(shù)據(jù)庫,以其高性能、低延遲、高并發(fā)等優(yōu)點深受開發(fā)者的青睞。然而隨著數(shù)據(jù)量的不斷增加,單節(jié)點的Redis已經(jīng)無法滿足業(yè)務(wù)需求。為了解決這個問題,Redis引入了數(shù)據(jù)分片(Sharding)功能,實現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)的水平擴展,提高了Redis的整體性能。
本文將介紹Redis如何實現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)分片擴展功能,并提供具體的代碼示例。
一、Redis數(shù)據(jù)分片的原理
Redis數(shù)據(jù)分片是指將一個數(shù)據(jù)集合(比如Key-Value)分散在多個Redis實例中存儲,也就是說將一個Redis集群分成多個節(jié)點負責(zé)不同的數(shù)據(jù)。具體實現(xiàn)方式如下:
- 使用一致性哈希算法
一致性哈希算法可以將數(shù)據(jù)均勻的散布在多個節(jié)點上,每個節(jié)點負責(zé)的數(shù)據(jù)不會過多或過少。對于新節(jié)點的加入,只需要進行少量的數(shù)據(jù)遷移即可完成數(shù)據(jù)的平衡。
- 添加虛擬節(jié)點
為了防止節(jié)點的負載不均衡和單點故障,可以為每個物理節(jié)點添加多個虛擬節(jié)點,將這些虛擬節(jié)點映射到數(shù)據(jù)集合中,從而使數(shù)據(jù)更加均勻地分散在各個物理節(jié)點上。
二、Redis數(shù)據(jù)分片的實現(xiàn)
以下是Redis實現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)分片功能的具體步驟:
- 創(chuàng)建Redis集群
使用Redis集群工具可以輕松快捷的創(chuàng)建Redis集群,此處不再贅述。
- 使用一致性哈希算法
Redis提供了hash槽分配器,可以根據(jù)一致性哈希算法將數(shù)據(jù)分配到不同的節(jié)點上,示例如下:
hash_slot_cnt = 16384 # hash槽數(shù)量 def get_slot(s): return crc16(s) % hash_slot_cnt # 根據(jù)字符串s計算其hash槽 class RedisCluster: def __init__(self, nodes): self.nodes = nodes # 節(jié)點列表 self.slot2node = {} for node in self.nodes: for slot in node['slots']: self.slot2node[slot] = node def get_node(self, key): slot = get_slot(key) return self.slot2node[slot] # 根據(jù)key獲取節(jié)點
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- 添加虛擬節(jié)點
為了防止單節(jié)點崩潰或過載,我們可以使用虛擬節(jié)點,示例如下:
virtual_node_num = 10 # 每個實際節(jié)點添加10個虛擬節(jié)點 class RedisCluster: def __init__(self, nodes): self.nodes = nodes self.slot2node = {} for node in self.nodes: for i in range(virtual_node_num): virtual_slot = crc16(node['host'] + str(i)) % hash_slot_cnt self.slot2node[virtual_slot] = node def get_node(self, key): slot = get_slot(key) return self.slot2node[slot]
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- 數(shù)據(jù)遷移
當(dāng)有新節(jié)點加入或舊節(jié)點離開集群時,需要進行數(shù)據(jù)的遷移。將原來分配給舊節(jié)點的數(shù)據(jù)重新分配到新節(jié)點上。示例如下:
def migrate_slot(from_node, to_node, slot): if from_node == to_node: # 節(jié)點相同,不需要進行遷移 return data = from_node['client'].cluster('getkeysinslot', slot, 10) print('migrate %d keys to node %s' % (len(data), to_node['host'])) if data: to_node['client'].migrate(to_node['host'], hash_slot_cnt, '', 0, 1000, keys=data)
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三、代碼完整示例
以下是Redis實現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)分片擴展功能的完整代碼示例:
import redis hash_slot_cnt = 16384 # hash槽數(shù)量 virtual_node_num = 10 # 每個實際節(jié)點添加10個虛擬節(jié)點 def get_slot(s): return crc16(s) % hash_slot_cnt def migrate_slot(from_node, to_node, slot): if from_node == to_node: return data = from_node['client'].cluster('getkeysinslot', slot, 10) print('migrate %d keys to node %s' % (len(data), to_node['host'])) if data: to_node['client'].migrate(to_node['host'], hash_slot_cnt, '', 0, 1000, keys=data) class RedisCluster: def __init__(self, nodes): self.nodes = nodes self.slot2node = {} for node in self.nodes: for i in range(virtual_node_num): virtual_slot = crc16(node['host'] + str(i)) % hash_slot_cnt self.slot2node[virtual_slot] = node def get_node(self, key): slot = get_slot(key) return self.slot2node[slot] def add_node(self, node): self.nodes.append(node) for i in range(virtual_node_num): virtual_slot = crc16(node['host'] + str(i)) % hash_slot_cnt self.slot2node[virtual_slot] = node for slot in range(hash_slot_cnt): if self.slot2node[slot]['host'] == node['host']: migrate_slot(self.slot2node[slot], node, slot) def remove_node(self, node): self.nodes.remove(node) for i in range(virtual_node_num): virtual_slot = crc16(node['host'] + str(i)) % hash_slot_cnt del self.slot2node[virtual_slot] for slot in range(hash_slot_cnt): if self.slot2node[slot]['host'] == node['host']: new_node = None for i in range(len(self.nodes)): if self.nodes[i]['host'] != node['host'] and self.nodes[i]['slots']: new_node = self.nodes[i] break if new_node: migrate_slot(node, new_node, slot) else: print('no new node for slot %d' % slot) if __name__ == '__main__': nodes = [ {'host': '127.0.0.1', 'port': 7000, 'slots': [0, 1, 2]}, {'host': '127.0.0.1', 'port': 7001, 'slots': [3, 4, 5]}, {'host': '127.0.0.1', 'port': 7002, 'slots': [6, 7, 8]}, {'host': '127.0.0.1', 'port': 7003, 'slots': []}, {'host': '127.0.0.1', 'port': 7004, 'slots': []}, {'host': '127.0.0.1', 'port': 7005, 'slots': []}, {'host': '127.0.0.1', 'port': 7006, 'slots': []}, {'host': '127.0.0.1', 'port': 7007, 'slots': []}, {'host': '127.0.0.1', 'port': 7008, 'slots': []}, {'host': '127.0.0.1', 'port': 7009, 'slots': []}, ] clients = [] for node in nodes: client = redis.Redis(host=node['host'], port=node['port']) node['client'] = client clients.append(client) cluster = RedisCluster(nodes) for key in range(100): node = cluster.get_node(str(key)) node['client'].set('key_%d' % key, key) cluster.add_node({'host': '127.0.0.1', 'port': 7010, 'slots': []}) for key in range(100, 200): node = cluster.get_node(str(key)) node['client'].set('key_%d' % key, key) cluster.remove_node(nodes[-1])
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上述代碼創(chuàng)建了一個Redis集群,添加了新節(jié)點和刪除老節(jié)點,演示了數(shù)據(jù)的平衡分散和數(shù)據(jù)遷移。