【藏品名稱】：乾隆通寶
[Collection name]: Qianlong Tongbao
【藏品類別】：錢幣
[Collection category]: Coins
【藏品數量】：四枚
[Collection Quantity]: Four pieces
【藏品簡介】：乾隆通寶是乾隆時期的流通貨幣，該錢幣鑄于清高宗乾隆年間（1736-1795年），背面的滿文比較復雜，上面有詳細的價格和錢幣拓片。乾隆通寶錢徑約25毫米，重約3g。錢面文字“乾隆通寶”以楷書書寫，錢背文字沿雍正滿文錢式，穿孔左邊有“寶”字，穿孔右邊鑄有各局名。不同時期幣種的形狀與大小也有不同。
[Collection Introduction]:Qianlong Tongbao is the circulating currency of the Qianlong period. The coin was cast during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty (1736-1795). The Manchu text on the back is more complex, with detailed prices and coin rubbings on it.Qianlong Tongbao money diameter is about 25 mm and weighs about 3g.Qian Mian text "Qianlong Tongbao" is written in regular script, Qian back text along the Yongzheng Manchu Qian style, the left side of the perforation has the word "Bao", the right side of the perforation cast has the name of each bureau.The shape and size of currencies also vary in different periods.
【歷史沿革】：雍正十三年（1735年），清高宗即位，改元乾隆。鑄行“乾隆通寶”，要求仍重一錢二分，該錢書法鑄工都比雍正時更為精美。最初清政府仍繼續執行通貨緊縮的政策。錢局較雍正時有所增減，首先在乾隆四年，停了寶河、寶鞏、寶濟三局，于乾隆五年時開寶福局，七年開寶桂局，十年開寶直局。乾隆朝以前的制錢不加錫，以銅、鉛、鋅配制，稱之為“黃錢”，在乾隆五年規定在鑄錢銅料之中加百分之二的錫，稱為“青錢”。官方說是為杜絕私錢，實則無異于減重。“乾隆四十年時，私鑄情況日盛，各省官員出現盜鑄，政府對此無計可施，加上云南銅產量逐年遞減，導致銅價飛漲，鑄錢成本也隨之水漲船高。清政府繼而又采取了通貨緊縮政策，先后停鑄了寶直、大理、廣西、臨安等局，同時鼓勵商人從海外進口銅材。但是這些措施未能從根本上解決問題，私鑄雖有所減少，但官錢不見增加，民間交易缺錢，就出現了使用古錢的現象。到了乾隆五十年后，又相繼開了寶直等局，同時放寬了鑄錢的標準，所以導致乾隆后期制錢的質量參差不齊，大不如初的情況。此外在乾隆朝時期在新疆出了“乾隆通寶”紅錢（也做普爾錢，“普爾”維語即錢的意思），是以新疆產銅為原料，在新疆地區鑄行的，此后各朝均有鑄行。
[Historical evolution]: In the thirteenth year of Yongzheng (1735), Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty ascended the throne and changed to Yuan Qianlong.Casting "Qianlong Tongbao", the requirement is still heavy a money two points, the money calligraphy casting workers are more exquisite than the Yongzheng time.Initially, the Qing government continued to implement the deflation policy.Compared with the Yongzheng money bureau, first of all in the Qianlong four years, stopped baohe, Baogong, Baoji three bureau, in the Qianlong five years open Baofu bureau, seven years open baogui bureau, ten years open treasure direct bureau.Before the Qianlong Dynasty, the money was made without tin, made with copper, lead and zinc, called "yellow money". In the fifth year of Qianlong, two percent of tin was added to the copper material, which was called "green money".Officials say to eliminate private money, in fact, is to reduce weight."In the 40th year of Emperor Qianlong, private casting was booming, and provincial officials stole casting. The government had no choice but to do this. In addition, the copper production in Yunnan decreased year by year, leading to the soaring copper price and the cost of casting money.The Qing government then adopted the deflation policy, successively stopped casting Baozhen, Dali, Guangxi, and Lin'an and other bureaus, and encouraging merchants to import copper from overseas.However, these measures failed to fundamentally solve the problem. Although the private casting was reduced, the official money did not increase, and the private transactions were short of money, so the phenomenon of the use of ancient money appeared.Fifty years after Qianlong, he opened baozhi and other bureaus, and relaxed the standard of casting money at the same time, so the quality of the money made in the late Qianlong was uneven, not unlike the previous situation.In addition, during the Qianlong Dynasty, the red money of "Qianlong Tongbao" (also for Poer qian, "Poer" means money) was issued in Xinjiang, which was made from copper produced in Xinjiang and cast in Xinjiang, and then in all dynasties.
【文物特征】：乾隆通寶乾隆通寶鑄于清高宗乾隆年間（1736年-1795年），背面的滿文比較復雜，可以參考華光普的《中國古錢幣目錄》，上面有很詳細的價格和錢幣拓片。歷史年代為，清高宗乾隆年間。絕大部分為小平錢，新疆紅錢有部分當十錢，寶泉、寶鞏發現有大錢，但應為開爐或后鑄花錢，非行用品。
乾隆通寶，字從上而下而右而左直讀，錢背文字沿雍正滿文錢式穿孔左邊有"寶"字，穿孔右邊鑄有各局名。乾隆通寶”版式很多，錢文方面京局的多用宋體，寶浙局多用楷書，寶陜、寶川兩局用隸書，但大多數地方錢局用宋體。新疆紅錢部分局背滿文，其他則背維文和滿文。少數錢背有星、漢字，又有記年，記值，合背，吉語等錢。乾隆常見的共有二十二個鑄局，新疆紅錢有六個鑄局。
【文物價值】：清高宗乾隆皇帝于公元1735年即位，在位的60年里施展其“文治武功”的治國策略，創造了封建社會里最后一個輝煌盛世，之后民間便盛傳佩帶“乾隆通寶”銅錢可驅災辟邪，又因乾隆二字諧音“錢隆”而備受后世藏家所喜愛。
乾隆通寶”當時發行時間較長，鑄量極大且加之流傳至今時間較短，所以多數價值低廉。但乾隆的雕母和母錢因流傳數量極少，現在以是收藏家們青睞的對象，具有很高的收藏價值，和一定的金銀價值。
[Cultural relics value]: the emperor qianlong in 1735 AD, 60 years of its "martial arts" governance strategy, created the feudal society, after folk with "qianlong treasure" copper money can exorcise evil spirits, and because of qianlong word homophonic "money" and loved by later collectors.
Qianlong Tongbao " at that time issued a long time, cast and spread time is short, so most of the value is low.However, Qianlong's carved mother and mother money are very small, and now it is the favored object of collectors, with high collection value, and a certain gold and silver value.
[Cultural relics value]: the emperor qianlong in 1735 AD, 60 years of its "martial arts" governance strategy, created the feudal society, after folk with "qianlong treasure" copper money can exorcise evil spirits, and because of qianlong word homophonic "money" and loved by later collectors.
Qianlong Tongbao " at that time issued a long time, cast and spread time is short, so most of the value is low.However, Qianlong's carved mother and mother money are very small, and now it is the favored object of collectors, with high collection value, and a certain gold and silver value.
【錢幣種類】
[Type of Coin]
【雕母】
[Condor mother]
藏品特征：這是一枚銅質錢幣，錢幣是內方外圓形。錢幣的外圓直徑是2.8厘米，厚度0.18厘米。在錢幣的正面刻
有“乾隆通寶”四個楷書字，錢幣的背面有滿文“寶泉”兩個字。 相關背景資料：雕母又叫母錢，經審核通過后，作為鑄造母錢之用。
我國自宋以來就采用翻砂法鑄錢，每當出新錢，就用銅塊或錫、鉛塊直接雕刻成錢模也就是雕母或母錢，鑄錢時用祖錢作模，翻鑄母錢。雕母錢文精美，字口深峻，每個字的筆畫都非常清晰，絕無粘連模糊
，而且筆畫比同版本的流通錢要細瘦，從細部看還保有手工鏤刻的痕跡。清代錢幣數量之多、版別之復雜，遠遠超過了以前的各個朝代。清代的雕母錢，我們常見有“乾隆通寶”“嘉慶通寶”“道光通寶”“同治通寶”等。清代錢幣的特點：一個皇帝只用一種年號錢，雖然鑄量大但形制比較簡單；除個別例外，所有的年號錢均稱通寶。普遍做法是把皇帝的名號以漢文鑄在正面，而將各個錢幣鑄局的字名以滿文鑄在錢幣的背面。雕母錢是不參與流通的，存世量很少，因此很具有收藏價值。
雕母，就是錢局工匠按照朝廷規定的形式，用精銅手工雕刻而成的模本，又稱“祖錢”雕母做出以后，經過朝廷的審定和批準，下一步就可以翻鑄母錢。
雕母的文字細瘦高挺，字口深峻，筆畫剛勁有力，全身經過細致修整，無鑄造痕跡且銅色金黃。從細部看還留有手工雕刻的痕跡，雕母的特殊價值在于數量特別稀少。母錢：用雕母所翻鑄出的錢叫做母錢，翻鑄好的大批母錢經過工匠打磨加工后就可以再次翻鑄普通流通錢了。
Collection features: This is a copper coin, rounded inside and outside.The outer circle of the coin is 2.8 cm in diameter and 0.18 cm thick.On the front side of the coin
There are "Qianlong Tongbao" four regular script characters, the back of the coin has a Manchu "Baoquan" two characters.Related background information: carving mother is also called mother money, after the examination, as the casting mother money.
Since the Song Dynasty, China has used the sand turning method to cast money, whenever the new money, with copper block or tin, lead block directly carved into the money mold, that is, carved mother or mother money, casting money with ancestral money as the mold, casting the mother money.The mother is exquisite, the mouth is deep, the strokes of each word are very clear, no adhesion fuzzy
And the strokes are thinner than the same version of the circulation of money, from the details also retain the traces of manual carving.The number of coins in the Qing Dynasty and the complexity of the editions were far more numerous than the previous dynasties.In the Qing Dynasty, we often have "Qianlong Tongbao", "Jiaqing Tongbao", "Daoguang Tongbao", "Tongzhi Tongbao" and so on.The characteristics of Qing Dynasty coins: an emperor only uses one annual money, although the casting is large but the shape is relatively simple; with some exceptions, all annual money are called Tongbao.It is common practice to cast the name of the emperor on the front in Chinese, and the names of various coin sites on the back of the coin.Carving mother money is not participate in circulation, the amount is very small, so it has very collection value.
The carving mother is the craftsman of the money bureau according to the form of hand carved with fine copper, also known as "ancestral money" carving mother, after the examination and approval of the court, the next step can be the mother money.
The text of the carving mother is thin and tall, deep and firm, strong and powerful strokes, the whole body after careful repair, no casting trace and copper gold.From the details, there are still traces of hand carving, and the special value of the carving is that the number is particularly rare.Mother money: The money made by the carved mother is called mother money. The large number of mother money can be turned into ordinary circulation money again after grinding by the craftsman.
【母錢】
[Mother money]
母錢相當于現在的鈔版 母錢經過細致加工后，作為鑄普通錢的母錢已很精美了，但多數能看到翻砂鑄造后留下的細小沙眼等鑄造痕跡。母錢的特殊價值在于作為翻鑄子錢（子錢就是普通流通錢）發行量再大也比子錢少之又少。雕母，母錢與普通流通錢明顯的區別是：雕母要查看是否有雕刻痕跡的存在。母錢要查看是否有經過修整加工的痕跡。而普通流通錢再精美也是鑄造出來后不會加以細致修整的。
The mother money is equivalent to the current banknote. After careful processing, the mother money for casting ordinary money has been very exquisite, but most can see the small sand eyes and other casting marks left after sand casting.The special value of mother money lies in that the circulation of double casting money (son money is ordinary circulation money) is less than son money.The mother, the mother money and ordinary circulation money obvious difference is: the mother to see whether there is the existence of carving traces.Mother money to see if there are traces of finishing and processing.And ordinary circulation money again exquisite is cast out after will not be carefully repaired.
【樣錢】
[Sample money]
“樣錢”俗稱“大樣”一般均用雕母直接鑄造，也叫官造原版，所以樣錢的直徑比常用錢大，文字清晰、深峻，大部分“樣錢”是高質量的，也有個別特殊情況。樣錢只是籠統的稱謂，往往一枚樣錢可以有多種說法和用途，質量特別好的還可以作母錢用。
“樣錢”雖然比一般普通錢幣較少，但是發行量還是比較大，樣錢是由雕母直接鑄造，普通錢幣是由母錢直接鑄造，也很好分辨。和同版別的對面圖，請見右面。1，直徑明顯大于同版錢幣；2，字體相對于同版普通錢幣來講更為遒勁有力；3，銅質相比更為精黃一般含銅量可以達到96%--97%。
"Sample money" commonly known as "big sample" is generally directly cast with carved mother, also called the official original, so the diameter of sample money is larger than common money, clear, deep, most of the "sample money" is high quality, there are some special cases.Sample money is just a general term, often a sample money can have a variety of statements and purposes, the quality is particularly good can also be used as the mother money.
Although the "sample money" is less than the general ordinary coins, but the circulation is still relatively large, the sample money is directly cast by the carved mother, the ordinary coins are directly cast by the mother money, it is also very easy to distinguish.For the opposite picture of the same version, please see it on the right.1. The diameter is significantly greater than the same coin; 2, the font is more powerful than the same ordinary coin; 3, the general copper content can reach 96%
此藏品為乾隆通寶，因乾隆版本較多，此四枚分別為3個版本，有：寶云局，寶泉局，寶源局
This collection is Qianlong Tongbao, because qianlong version is more, these four pieces are 3 versions respectively, have: Baoyuan bureau, Baoquan bureau, Baoyuan bureau
【前兩枚為寶云局】
[The first two are Bao Xiaoyun Bureau]
寶云局鑄造的乾隆通寶，由于鑄造時間長，乾隆在位60年，加之在不同的地方鑄造，包括云南省局、臨安府（今建水）局、東川府局、大理府局、廣西府（今瀘西）局、東川府新局、保山府局、曲靖府局順寧府（今鳳慶）局等，其間幾經增停，版別很多，因此形成不同的版式，前期鑄造的比較大，直徑2.6厘米，中、后期開始減重，出現私鑄，薄而小。
Bureau casting qianlong tongbao, because the casting time is long, qianlong, qianlong for 60 years, and in different places casting, including Yunnan bureau, linan fu (now water), Dongchuan prefecture, Dali fu, Guangxi (now luxi), dongchuan new bureau, Baoshan bureau, Qujing shun ning house (today), etc., during several stops, version a lot, so forming a different format, early casting is larger, 2.6 cm in diameter, middle, late began to lose weight, private casting, thin and small.
【第三枚寶泉局】
[The Third Baoquan Bureau]
此枚錢幣沿用雍正滿文錢式，為圓形方孔的銅幣，其形狀外法天內法地，取義精宏。錢面上下左右楷書直讀“乾隆通寶”四字，字體挺拔俊秀，端正工整，錢背沿穿孔左右鑄滿文“寶泉”，寶泉局為清朝戶部所設立的鑄造錢幣的工廠，下屬東、西、南、北四作廠，全部位于東城界內，是中央直接管轄的鑄錢場，鑄造的錢幣比一般的更為精致細膩。此枚錢幣為中央官局以精銅鑄造，鑄工精致，包漿渾厚溫潤，字體端莊，筆畫圓潤工整，蘊含深刻的歷史文化價值，
This coin uses Yongzheng Manchu money style, for a circular square hole copper coin, its shape outside the law inside the earth, take the meaning and macro.Money face up and down the regular script straight read "qianlong tong bao" four words, tall and straight handsome, neat, money back along the perforation around cast full "treasure", baoquan bureau for the qing dynasty set up by the casting coin factory, east, west, south, north four factory, all located in the east boundary, is the direct jurisdiction of the central casting money, casting coin is more delicate than general.This coin is the central official bureau cast with fine copper, delicate casting, thick and warm pulp, dignified font, round and neat strokes, contains profound historical and cultural value,
【第四枚為寶源局】
[The fourth piece is the Baoyuan Bureau]
錢面文字“乾隆通寶”以楷書書寫，其字從上而下而右而左直讀。錢背文字沿雍正滿文錢式穿孔左邊有“寶”字，穿孔右邊鑄有各局名。乾隆通寶連寶泉、寶源在內先后有29局開鑄，多用黃銅與青銅，也引進國外洋銅澆制法。新疆地區新用方孔圓錢，開設伊犁、阿克蘇、烏什、葉爾羌、喀什葛爾、庫車等局，因用自產紅銅鼓鑄、故稱為“新疆紅錢”或“普爾錢”（“普爾”維語即錢的意思)。乾隆通寶只少數錢背文看見星號或漢字。乾隆通寶還有合面錢、吉語錢以及私鑄劣質錢、鵝眼錢等，品類不下百種，存于世上的有雕母數種，至為珍貴。
The character "Qianlong Tongbao" is written in regular script, read from top to right to left.Qian back text along Yongzheng Manchu Qian perforation left has the word "treasure", the right side of the perforation cast with the name of each bureau.Qianlong Tongbao lian baoquan, Baoyuan, including 29 bureau of casting, mostly using brass and bronze, also introduced foreign copper pouring method.In Xinjiang, the new square hole round money, opened Yili, Aksu, Wushi, Yarqiang, Kashgar, Kuqa and other bureaus, because of the own red drum cast, it is called "Xinjiang red money" or "pur money" ("pur" language means money).Qianlong Tongbao only a few Qian back the asterisk or Chinese characters.Qianlong Tongbao also has the face money, auspicious language money and private cast inferior money, goose eye money, more than 100 kinds of categories, there are several kinds of carved mother stored in the world, it is precious.
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