【藏品名稱】：清明上河圖
[collection name]: Riverside map of Qingming Festival
【藏品類別】：書畫
[collection type]: calligraphy and painting
【藏品簡(jiǎn)介】：張擇端《清明上河圖》中的“清明”含義持“清明坊”觀點(diǎn)的專家學(xué)者，是已故河南開封中學(xué)的孔憲易先生，1981年，孔憲易先生在《美術(shù)雜志》上發(fā)表了張擇端《清明上河圖——質(zhì)疑》的文章。孔憲易先生在文章中通過對(duì)木炭，石磙子、扇子、西瓜、服飾等考證研究，認(rèn)為是畫的秋景。清明之意是指“清明坊”
[introduction to the collection]: the meaning of "Qingming" in Zhang Zeduan's picture of the river during the Qingming Festival. The expert and scholar who holds the view of "Qingming square" is the late Mr. Kong Xianyi of Kaifeng middle school in Henan Province. In 1981, Mr. Kong Xianyi published Zhang Zeduan's article on the picture of the river during the Qingming Festival - Questioning in art magazine. In his article, Mr. Kong Xianyi believes that it is the autumn scenery of painting through the textual research on charcoal, Shihezi, fan, watermelon, clothing and so on. Qingming means "qingmingfang"
張擇端《清明上河圖》中的“清明”含義持“清明盛世”觀點(diǎn)的專家學(xué)者，有著名鑒定專家史樹青先生，史樹青先生指出：“清明非指清明節(jié)這一天，而是作為稱頌太平盛世的寓意，清明即政治清明。
The meaning of "Qingming" in Zhang Zeduan's picture of the river at Qingming Festival is an expert and scholar who holds the view of "Qingming prosperous age". Mr. Shi Shuqing, a famous expert, pointed out: "Qingming does not refer to the day of Qingming Festival, but as a moral of praising the peaceful and prosperous age. Qingming is political Qingming.
《清明上河圖》，絹本設(shè)色，是北宋畫家張擇端存世的僅見的一幅精品。張擇端《清明上河圖》生動(dòng)地記錄了中國(guó)十二世紀(jì)城市生活的面貌，這在中國(guó)乃至世界繪畫史上都是獨(dú)一無二的。作品以長(zhǎng)卷形式，采用散點(diǎn)透視的構(gòu)圖法，將繁雜的景物納入統(tǒng)一而富于變化的畫卷中，畫中主要分為兩部分，一部分是農(nóng)村，另一部分是市集。
The painting of the river during the Qingming Festival, painted on silk, is the only masterpiece of the painter Zhang Zeduan of the Northern Song Dynasty. Zhang Zeduan's picture of the river during the Qingming Festival vividly records the appearance of urban life in China in the 12th century, which is unique in the history of Chinese and even world painting. The work is in the form of a long scroll and adopts the composition method of scattered perspective to bring the complex scenery into a unified and changeable picture scroll. The picture is mainly divided into two parts, one is the countryside and the other is the market.
《清明上河圖》全畫近一千個(gè)人物，能清楚看到的人物就有六百多人。牲畜五六十匹，船只二十余艘，房屋樓宇三十多棟，車十三輛，轎十四頂，橋十七座，樹木約一百八十棵，刻畫細(xì)微，頗見功底。
該畫栩栩如生地描繪了北宋京城汴梁及汴河兩岸的繁華景象和自然風(fēng)光。是北宋城市經(jīng)濟(jì)情況的縮影。以長(zhǎng)卷形式，采用散點(diǎn)透視的構(gòu)圖法，將繁雜的景物納入統(tǒng)一而富于變化的畫面中，畫中人物衣著不同，神情各異，其間穿插各種活動(dòng)，注重戲劇性，構(gòu)圖疏密有致，注重節(jié)奏感和韻律的變化，筆墨章法都很巧妙。這些都體現(xiàn)了張擇端高度的藝術(shù)概括力，使《清明上河圖》達(dá)到了很高的藝術(shù)水準(zhǔn)。
全畫分為三個(gè)部分：
The picture of the river on the Qingming Festival draws nearly 1000 characters, and more than 600 people can be clearly seen. There are 50 or 60 livestock, more than 20 ships, more than 30 houses and buildings, 13 cars, 14 sedans, 17 bridges, and about 180 trees. They are subtle and have a good foundation.The painting vividly depicts the prosperous scene and natural scenery of Bianliang, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, and both banks of Bianhe river. It is the epitome of the urban economy in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the form of long scroll, the composition method of scattered perspective is adopted to bring the complex scenery into the unified and changeable picture. The characters in the picture have different clothes and expressions, interspersed with various activities, pay attention to drama, the composition is dense and coherent, pay attention to the change of rhythm and rhythm, and the pen and ink composition is very clever. All these reflect Zhang Zeduan's high artistic generalization, which makes the picture of the river during the Qingming Festival reach a high artistic level.The whole painting is divided into three parts:
一、汴京郊野的春光：
1、 Spring in the countryside of Bianjing:
疏林薄霧中，掩映著低矮的草舍瓦屋、小橋流水、老樹、扁舟，阡陌縱橫，田畝井然，依稀可見農(nóng)夫在田間耕作。兩個(gè)腳夫趕著五匹馱炭的毛驢，向城市走來。一片柳林，枝頭剛剛泛出嫩綠，使人感到雖是春寒料峭，卻已大地回春。路上一頂轎子，內(nèi)坐一位婦人。轎頂裝飾著楊柳雜花，轎后跟隨著騎馬的、挑擔(dān)的，從京郊踏青掃墓歸來。環(huán)境和人物的描寫，點(diǎn)出了清明時(shí)節(jié)的特定時(shí)間和風(fēng)俗，為全畫展開了序幕。
In the thin forest mist, there are low straw huts, tile roofed houses, small bridges, running water, old trees and boats. There are crisscross paths and well-organized fields. It is vaguely visible that farmers are farming in the fields. Two porters drove five donkeys carrying charcoal to the city. A willow forest, whose branches have just turned green, makes people feel that although it is chilly in spring, it has returned to spring. There was a sedan chair on the road, in which a woman sat. The top of the car is decorated with willow flowers. Behind the car, horsemen and bearers return from an outing and tomb sweeping in the suburbs of Beijing. The description of environment and characters points out the specific time and customs of Qingming Festival, which is the prelude to the whole painting.
二、繁忙的汴河碼頭：
2、 Busy Bianhe wharf:
汴河是北宋國(guó)家漕運(yùn)樞紐，商業(yè)交通要道，從畫面上可以看到人煙稠密，糧船云集，人們有在茶館休息的，有在看相算命的，有在飯鋪進(jìn)餐的。還有“王家紙馬店”，是掃墓賣祭品的，河里船只往來，首尾相接，或纖夫牽拉，或船夫搖櫓，有的滿載貨物，逆流而上，有的靠岸停泊，正緊張地卸貨。
Bianhe river is the national water transport hub and the main commercial traffic road in the Northern Song Dynasty. From the picture, we can see that there are dense people and grain ships. People rest in teahouses, fortune tellers and diners in restaurants. There are also "Wang's paper horse shop", which is used to sweep tombs and sell sacrifices. Ships come and go in the river, head to tail, or pulled by trackers, or rowed by boatmans. Some are loaded with goods and go upstream, while others are berthing on the shore and are unloading nervously.
張擇端《清明上河圖》橫跨汴河上的是一座規(guī)模宏大的木質(zhì)拱橋，它結(jié)構(gòu)精巧，形式優(yōu)美，宛如飛虹，故名虹橋。一只大船正待過橋。船夫們有用竹竿撐的；有用長(zhǎng)竿鉤住橋梁的；有用麻繩挽住船的；還有幾人忙著放下桅桿，以便船只通過。鄰船的人也在指指點(diǎn)點(diǎn)地在大聲吆喝著什么。船里船外都在為此船過橋而忙碌著。橋上的人，也伸頭探腦地在為過船的緊張情景捏了一把汗。這里是名聞遐邇的虹橋碼頭區(qū)，車水馬龍，熙熙攘攘，名副其實(shí)地是一個(gè)水陸交通的會(huì)合點(diǎn)。三、熱鬧的市區(qū)街道：以高大的城樓為中心，兩邊的屋宇鱗次櫛比，有茶坊、酒肆、腳店、肉鋪、廟宇、公廨等等。
Zhang Zeduan's picture of the river during the Qingming Festival across the Bian river is a large-scale wooden arch bridge. It has exquisite structure and beautiful form, just like a flying rainbow, so it is called Hongqiao. A large ship is waiting to cross the bridge. Boatmans use bamboo poles to support them; Having a long rod hooked to a bridge; With hemp rope around the boat; Several others were busy lowering the mast so that the ship could pass. The people on the next boat were also pointing and shouting something. Both inside and outside the ship are busy crossing the bridge. The people on the bridge were also sweating for the tense scene of crossing the ship. This is the famous Hongqiao wharf area. It is crowded and bustling. It is truly a meeting point of water and land transportation. 3、 Lively urban streets: with tall towers as the center, there are rows of houses on both sides, including tea houses, wine shops, foot shops, butchers, temples, public houses, etc.
張擇端《清明上河圖》商店中有綾羅綢緞、珠寶香料、香火紙馬等的專門經(jīng)營(yíng)，此外尚有醫(yī)藥門診，大車修理、看相算命、修面整容，各行各業(yè)，應(yīng)有盡有，大的商店門首還扎著“彩樓歡門”，懸掛市招旗幟，招攬生意，街市行人，摩肩接踵，川流不息，有做生意的商賈，有看街景的士紳，有騎馬的官吏，有叫賣的小販，有乘座轎子的大家眷屬，有身負(fù)背簍的行腳僧人，有問路的外鄉(xiāng)游客，有聽說書的街巷小兒，有酒樓中狂飲的豪門子弟，有城邊行乞的殘疾老人，男女老幼，士農(nóng)工商，三教九流，無所不備。
In Zhang Zeduan's picture of the river at the Qingming Festival, there are specialized businesses such as silk and satin, jewelry and spices, incense and paper horses. In addition, there are medical clinics, cart repair, fortune telling, shaving and cosmetic surgery, all walks of life. The front door of the big store is also tied with a "colorful building happy door", hanging the banner of market recruitment to attract business. Pedestrians in the street are close to each other and flowing in an endless stream, There are businessmen who do business, gentry who watch the street view, officials who ride horses, hawkers, family members who take sedan chairs, walking monks with baskets on their backs, foreign tourists who ask for directions, street children who hear about books, children of rich families who drink in restaurants, disabled old people begging on the edge of the city, men, women, old and young, scholars, farmers, industry and commerce, three religions and nine streams, and everything.
張擇端《清明上河圖》交通運(yùn)載工具有轎子、駱駝、牛馬車、人力車，有太平車、平頭車，形形色色，樣樣俱全，繪色繪形地展現(xiàn)在人們的眼前。張擇端在作這幅畫時(shí)極注意細(xì)節(jié)，人物的表情栩栩如生，動(dòng)作定格生動(dòng)，使人身臨其境。他并不注重虛境和實(shí)境的對(duì)比，而是細(xì)致描繪每個(gè)角色，甚至畫中的樹木都做細(xì)致的刻畫，不同樹木的質(zhì)感和空間對(duì)比都表現(xiàn)得極為充分。人物和食物的比例合度，遠(yuǎn)近也層次分明。畫家在作畫時(shí)線條清晰自然，顏色深淺濃淡事宜，人物表情豐富，直達(dá)內(nèi)心，景物自然和諧，與人物相應(yīng)成輝，所體現(xiàn)的朝氣和諧的繁榮景象，充分反映了張擇端對(duì)客觀外界和主觀感受的高度尊重。畫家在注重實(shí)際事物刻畫的同時(shí)，又注重繪畫本身的筆墨意趣。在張擇端看來，繪畫之美并不僅僅在描繪自然景色，更重要的是筆墨本身所體現(xiàn)的美，所傳達(dá)出的主官感受、氣勢(shì)和意趣之美。
Zhang Zeduan's picture of the river during the Qingming Festival means of transportation, including sedans, camels, cattle and horse carts, rickshaws, Taiping carts and Flathead carts. They are all kinds of colors and shapes, which are displayed in front of people. Zhang Zeduan paid great attention to details when making this painting. The characters' expressions are lifelike and their actions are vivid, making people immersive. He does not pay attention to the comparison between virtual and real situations, but carefully depicts each role, and even the trees in the painting are carefully depicted. The texture and spatial comparison of different trees are very full. The proportion of people and food is well-defined. When the painter paints, the lines are clear and natural, the colors are light and dark, the characters have rich expressions, direct to the heart, the scenery is natural and harmonious, and forms brilliance with the characters. The prosperity of vitality and harmony fully reflects Zhang Zeduan's high respect for the objective outside world and subjective feelings. Painters not only pay attention to the depiction of practical things, but also pay attention to the pen and ink interest of the painting itself. In Zhang Zeduan's view, the beauty of painting is not only depicting the natural scenery, but also the beauty embodied in the pen and ink itself, and the beauty of the feeling, momentum and interest of the chief officer
