【藏品名稱】：咸豐元寶
[collection name]: Xianfeng Yuanbao
【藏品類別】：錢幣
[collection type]: Coins
【藏品簡(jiǎn)介】：咸豐元寶,據(jù)資料記載:清咸豐年間(1851-1861年),太平天國(guó)農(nóng)民起義發(fā)展迅猛,并在江蘇南京建都,此時(shí)清政府賴以鑄錢之用的滇銅(云南省出產(chǎn)的銅料),因道路阻斷而無(wú)法運(yùn)進(jìn)北京。一方面是鎮(zhèn)壓起義急需大量的軍餉開(kāi)銷,一方面是鑄錢的原材料告缺,給清政府造成了嚴(yán)重的財(cái)政困難,最終迫使清政府自咸豐三年開(kāi)始發(fā)行紙幣和改鑄大錢來(lái)彌補(bǔ)財(cái)政虧空。
[collection introduction]: Xianfeng Yuanbao. According to records, during the reign of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty (1851-1861), the peasant uprising of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom developed rapidly and established its capital in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province. At this time, Yunnan Copper (copper produced in Yunnan Province), which was used by the Qing government to cast money, could not be transported to Beijing due to road blocking. On the one hand, the suppression of the uprising urgently needed a lot of military salaries and expenses. On the other hand, the shortage of raw materials for money casting caused serious financial difficulties to the Qing government. Finally, the Qing government was forced to issue paper money and cast large money to make up for the financial deficit since Xianfeng three years ago.
該枚咸豐元寶為江蘇寶蘇局所鑄造,市面上的咸豐元寶數(shù)量雖較多,但多以當(dāng)十為常見(jiàn),當(dāng)百大錢數(shù)量較少故而珍貴,品相好的咸豐當(dāng)百尤甚。
The Xianfeng ingot was cast by Jiangsu Baosu Bureau. Although there are many Xianfeng ingots on the market, it is common to be ten. The number of hundred big coins is small, so it is precious. Xianfeng with good quality is especially valuable.
咸豐初期,清朝政府的稅入大約為白銀4000萬(wàn)兩,支出約需白銀3600余萬(wàn)兩,收入與支出相互抵銷尚有盈余。自太平天國(guó)革命爆發(fā)以后,清政府的財(cái)政危機(jī)急驟惡化。咸豐二年(1852年)戶部奏稱:“兩載以來(lái),軍需河餉糜帑已二千數(shù)百萬(wàn)兩,以致度支告匱,籌劃維艱。”同年六月十六日戶部密摺言:“自廣西用兵以來(lái),迄今三載,經(jīng)臣部奏撥軍餉及各省截留籌解,已至二千九百六十三萬(wàn)余兩,……戶部銀庫(kù),截止本月十二日止,正項(xiàng)待支銀僅存二十二萬(wàn)七千余兩。” 在這種支出日多、財(cái)政窘迫、軍餉困難、國(guó)庫(kù)空虛的情況之下,清政府企圖借實(shí)行通貨膨脹的政策,進(jìn)一步對(duì)百姓進(jìn)行搜刮與掠奪。
In the early days of Xianfeng, the tax revenue of the Qing government was about 40 million liang of silver, and the expenditure was about 36 million liang of silver. The income and expenditure offset each other, and there was still a surplus. After the outbreak of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom revolution, the financial crisis of the Qing government deteriorated rapidly. In the second year of Xianfeng (1852), the Ministry of household said: "in the past two years, the amount of money spent on military supplies has exceeded 20 million Liang, which has made it difficult to support the government and plan." on June 16 of the same year, the Ministry of household said: "In the past three years since the army was deployed in Guangxi, more than 29.63 million taels have been allocated by the ministers and retained by the provinces for settlement,... As of the 12th of this month, there are only 227000 taels of bank to be supported in the account." In this situation of increasing expenditure, financial distress, difficulty in military pay and empty national treasury, the Qing government tried to further plunder and plunder the people by implementing the policy of inflation.
咸豐二年(1852年)十月十九日,四川學(xué)政何紹基向清廷上摺,要求政府鑄造大錢,以應(yīng)付日益困難的財(cái)政需要。他在奏摺中說(shuō):“……歷代大錢之制不一,大約由當(dāng)五、當(dāng)十至當(dāng)千而止。擬請(qǐng)于常行通寶錢外,鑄為大錢三品:曰當(dāng)一百,曰當(dāng)五百,曰當(dāng)一千;當(dāng)千者重不過(guò)二兩,俾與制錢相劑而行。由部臣議定成式,務(wù)期精好,頒發(fā)中外,一體鼓鑄。凡支給俸、薪、養(yǎng)廉,及河工、兵餉,皆銀與大小錢兼放;賦稅所入當(dāng)收銀者,皆準(zhǔn)以銀與大小錢搭配交納。應(yīng)歸藩庫(kù)部庫(kù)者,酌為減節(jié),以免先解后撥之煩。惟關(guān)稅仍照舊盡數(shù)收銀而特恩錫賚則給銀以示優(yōu)異。俟大錢暢行之后,民輸官賦乃漸不必用銀。然非置銀于無(wú)用也,民間以銀易錢及用銀交易,聽(tīng)其自如,無(wú)庸過(guò)問(wèn)。……”
On October 19, the second year of Xianfeng (1852), he Shaoji, the academic administrator of Sichuan Province, folded to the Qing government and asked the government to make big money to meet the increasingly difficult financial needs. In his memorial, he said: "... there are different systems of big money in the past dynasties, ranging from five to ten to one thousand. It is proposed to use the regular Tongbao money to cast the three products of big money: one hundred, five hundred and one thousand; the one who can be a thousand is no more than two liang, so that it can be used as a preparation for making money. It is agreed by the Ministry officials that it will be fine in terms of time, be issued to China and foreign countries, and be cast in one. All salaries, salaries, low-cost maintenance, river work and military pay will be paid in both silver and money; All tax receipts should be paid with silver and large and small amounts of money. Those who should belong to the Treasury Department of the vassal government should reduce their savings as appropriate to avoid the trouble of paying first. However, the customs duties are still paid in full, while teen Xilai gives silver to show their excellence. After a lot of money runs smoothly, the people lose official taxes and gradually do not need to use silver. However, it is not useless to buy silver. People exchange money with silver and trade with silver, so they can listen to it freely and do nothing about it. "
咸豐皇帝于十一月二十八日在奏摺上親自朱筆批示:“所奏不為無(wú)見(jiàn),然小錢大錢,制雖異,用實(shí)同,現(xiàn)鑄小錢,銅尚不足,何況大錢乎!汝知一未知二也。至器用多銅,原干例禁,本年曾經(jīng)降旨。況古制亦非盡善,舉一事必欲復(fù)古,試問(wèn)井田,封建尚可復(fù)乎?此摺著戶部存記,若有可行時(shí),不妨采擇入奏。欽此。”雖然,何紹基鑄造大錢的建議未能獲得朝廷的批準(zhǔn),但是,出于當(dāng)時(shí)“軍餉增多,帑金不足,”的現(xiàn)實(shí)情況,在清朝政府的最高統(tǒng)治階層,已經(jīng)拉開(kāi)了鑄造大錢的論戰(zhàn)。
Emperor Xianfeng personally wrote on the memorial on November 28: "What you play is not invisible. However, small money and big money are made in different ways, but they are actually used in the same way. Now there is not enough copper, not to mention big money! You know one thing and two things. To use more copper, it was forbidden by the original regulations, and a decree was issued this year. Besides, the ancient system is not perfect. For one thing, you must want to restore the ancients. Can you restore the feudalism in the well field? This book is the record of the Ministry of household. If it is feasible, you may choose to play it. Qin here." Although he Shaoji's proposal to forge big money was not approved by the imperial court, due to the reality of "increased military pay and insufficient funds", the debate on casting big money has been opened in the highest ruling class of the Qing government.
此后,清朝政府中的有關(guān)部門主管,如御史蔡紹洛、刑部尚書(shū)周祖培、大理寺卿恒春、戶部尚書(shū)孫瑞珍、巡防大臣綿愉、管理戶部事務(wù)祁雋藻等,均先后向朝廷力陳鑄造大錢的利處。然而,以戶部左侍郎王茂蔭為首的反對(duì)派,包括左庶子龐鐘璐、御史蔡征藩等一批官吏,竭力反對(duì)鑄造大錢。咸豐三年(1853年)二月,太平天國(guó)起義軍占領(lǐng)江寧(今南京),并將南京改為天京,革命勢(shì)力遍及長(zhǎng)江流域各省,戰(zhàn)局的急劇發(fā)展,使得當(dāng)時(shí)市場(chǎng)銀貴錢賤,貨幣信用發(fā)生嚴(yán)重危機(jī),國(guó)家財(cái)政已經(jīng)到了山窮水盡的地步。據(jù)《光緒順天府志》記載:“咸豐三年,軍旅數(shù)起,餉需支絀,東南道路梗阻,滇銅不至,刑部尚書(shū)周祖培、大理寺卿恒春、御史蔡紹洛等先后條陳錢法,請(qǐng)改鑄大錢,以充度支。”在這種情況之下咸豐大錢終于應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。
Since then, the heads of relevant departments in the Qing government, such as Cai shaoluo, the imperial historian, Zhou Zupei, the Minister of justice of the Ministry of punishment, Heng Chun, the Minister of Dali temple, sun Ruizhen, the Minister of household affairs, Mianyu, the Minister of patrol, and Qi Junzao, who managed the affairs of the Ministry of household, have successively advocated to the court the benefits of casting big money. However, the opposition led by Wang Maoyin, the Minister of household, including a group of officials such as Pang Zhonglu, the son of Zuo Shu, and Cai Zhengfan, the imperial historian, tried their best to oppose the casting of big money. In February of the third year of Xianfeng (1853), the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom uprising army occupied Jiangning (now Nanjing) and changed Nanjing into Tianjing. The revolutionary forces spread all over the provinces of the Yangtze River Basin. The rapid development of the war situation made the market silver expensive and money cheap, the currency credit had a serious crisis, and the national finance had reached the end of its resources. According to the records of shuntianfu annals of Guangxu, "in the three years of Xianfeng, there were several military brigades, which were short of pay, the southeast road was blocked, and the copper in Yunnan was not available. Zhou Zupei, the Minister of justice of the Ministry of justice, Hengchun, the Minister of Dali temple, and CAI shaoluo, the imperial historian, successively stated the money method, and asked them to change the money to fully support the money." under this situation, Xianfeng big money finally came into being.
