鎏金是將金和水銀合成金汞劑，涂在銅器表面，然后加熱使水銀蒸發(fā)，金就附著在器面不脫。關(guān)于金汞劑的記載，最初見(jiàn)于東漢煉丹家魏伯陽(yáng)的《周易參同契》。而關(guān)于鎏金技術(shù)的記載，最早見(jiàn)于梁代。《本草綱目·水銀條》引梁代陶弘景的話說(shuō)：水銀“能消化金銀使成泥，人以鍍物是也。”這個(gè)記載比鎏金器物的出現(xiàn)晚了約八個(gè)世紀(jì)。
Gold gilding is the combination of gold and mercury into gold-mercury agent, which is coated on the surface of copper ware, and then heated to vaporize the mercury, so that the gold will adhere to the surface of the ware. The record of gold amalgam was first seen in The Book Zhou Yi Can Tong Qi by Wei Boyang, an alchemist in the Eastern Han Dynasty. And about the record of gold - gold technology, the earliest see in the Liang Dynasty. "Compendium of Materia Medica · Mercury Strips" quotes Tao Hongjing of the Liang Dynasty as saying that mercury "can digest gold and silver and make it into mud, and people also use it for plating." This record is about eight centuries later than the appearance of gilt ware.
從已出土的文物證實(shí)，在戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期古人已掌握了鎏金技術(shù)。從河北滿城中山靖王劉勝墓出土的“楚大官糟鐘”來(lái)看，它的鎏金技術(shù)已相當(dāng)?shù)某墒臁ｖ探鸺夹g(shù)不是一下子就容易掌握的，它是我國(guó)古代勞動(dòng)人民在生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)中通過(guò)開(kāi)創(chuàng)研究、不斷探索總結(jié)才創(chuàng)造出了這項(xiàng)工藝。從信陽(yáng)長(zhǎng)臺(tái)關(guān)楚墓出土的“鼎”來(lái)看，造型有戰(zhàn)國(guó)早期的風(fēng)格特征，該墓出土的鎏金銅帶鉤等也為戰(zhàn)國(guó)早期的器物。所以，有的專家學(xué)者認(rèn)為鎏金工藝初始時(shí)間應(yīng)定于春秋末期或戰(zhàn)國(guó)早期。
From the unearthed cultural relics proved that the ancients in the Warring States period had mastered the technology of gold gilding. Judging from the "Chu Dagoban bell" unearthed from Liu Sheng tomb of King Jing in Zhongshan City, Hebei Province, its gilding technology has been quite mature. Gilt technology is not easy to grasp all of a sudden, it is our ancient working people in the production of labor through the creation of research, constantly explore summary to create this process. From the "ding" unearthed from the Chu tomb in Changtai, Xinyang, the shape has the style characteristics of the early Warring States period, the gilt copper belt hook unearthed from the tomb is also the early Warring States period artifacts. So, some experts and scholars think that the initial time of gilt technology should be set at the end of the Spring and Autumn period or early Warring States period.
而在古代鎏金器物中，每個(gè)朝代的皇帝都偏愛(ài)于佛像，以至于鎏金器物中，以佛銅像最為尊貴。而佛教自漢代傳入中國(guó)，初期只被視作神仙道術(shù)的一種，流行不廣。西晉以后，社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩，人民生活痛苦，為佛教信仰的傳播提供了的寬廣的民間土壤；另一方面，匈奴、鮮卑、羯、氐、羌等少數(shù)民族入主中國(guó)北方，它們的文化傳統(tǒng)與來(lái)源于西域的佛教更易于相互認(rèn)同。因此，佛教在十六國(guó)時(shí)期得以迅速生長(zhǎng)，并滲透到社會(huì)各個(gè)階層。這一時(shí)期出現(xiàn)了中國(guó)的最早一批高僧，他們得到了胡族統(tǒng)治者的大力扶持。
In the ancient gilded objects, the emperors of each dynasty all favored the Buddha statue, so that in the gilded objects, the Bronze Buddha statue was the most honorable. However, Buddhism was introduced into China from the Han Dynasty. In the early stage, it was only regarded as a kind of Taoist immortals, which was not widely popular. After the Western Jin Dynasty, social unrest and people's suffering provided a broad folk soil for the spread of Buddhist belief. On the other hand, the cultural traditions of the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Di, Qiang and other minorities in northern China were more easily recognized by the Buddhism from the Western regions. As a result, Buddhism grew rapidly during the Sixteen Kingdoms period and penetrated into all levels of society. This period saw the emergence of China's first eminent monks, who were strongly supported by the Hu rulers.
此尊銀鎏金鑲白玉觀音像，高33厘米，銀鎏金工藝，做工精細(xì)，包漿醇厚品相完美！佛像結(jié)螺髻發(fā)，彎眉修目，雙耳下垂，面相豐滿，表情深沉內(nèi)省，富有力度，五官輪廓線條異常分明。將肢體的柔軟質(zhì)感刻畫(huà)的十分生動(dòng)表現(xiàn)的十分充分。此佛像造型型比例協(xié)調(diào)，不論細(xì)部處理，還是整體把握，均增益有度，恰到好處，一絲不茍，殊為難得，是一件不錯(cuò)的藝術(shù)陳設(shè)收藏美品。
This silver gilded and inlaid with white jade Guanyin statue is 33 cm high. The silver gilding process is fine, mellow and perfect! The Buddha has a bun hair, curved eyebrows and eyes, drooping ears, plump face, deep expression, introspection and strength, and the outline of facial features is unusually clear. The soft texture of the limbs is vividly depicted and fully expressed. It's good to grasp the beauty of a piece, whether it's a fine piece or a fine collection.
此銅像用銀鑄造，表面鎏金、可移動(dòng)的佛造像，被稱為‘鎏金銀佛像’。這種佛像最開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)在兩漢，盛行于隋唐，延續(xù)至明清。而鎏金工藝，是我國(guó)一種傳統(tǒng)的技術(shù)，發(fā)明于戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期，至今已有兩千多年的了。鎏金是把金子和水銀合成‘金汞齊’，涂在銀器的表面，再加熱使水銀蒸發(fā)，金子就附著在佛像表面不脫落。由于其工藝精制且珍稀，國(guó)內(nèi)目前對(duì)此類藏品有了新的認(rèn)識(shí)和挖掘。
This bronze statue is made of silver, and the surface is gilded with gold. It is called the "gilded Buddha statue". This kind of Buddha first appeared in the Han Dynasty, prevailed in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and continued to the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The gilding process is a traditional technology in China. It was invented in the Warring States period and has been used for more than 2000 years. Gilding is to combine gold and mercury into a "gold amalgam" and apply it to the surface of silver. Then heat it to evaporate the mercury, and the gold will adhere to the surface of the Buddha statue without falling off. Due to its refined and rare technology, there is a new understanding and excavation of this kind of collection in China.
2000年以后，國(guó)內(nèi)佛像收藏才開(kāi)始啟動(dòng)。2001年香港佳士得拍賣的永樂(lè)御制鎏金銅釋迦牟尼佛僅以227萬(wàn)成交，國(guó)內(nèi)反應(yīng)冷淡；但隨著中國(guó)藝術(shù)市場(chǎng)的發(fā)展和人們對(duì)藝術(shù)品認(rèn)識(shí)水平的不斷提高，金銅佛造像藝術(shù)的價(jià)值逐漸被人們所認(rèn)識(shí)和挖掘，金銅佛市場(chǎng)開(kāi)始得到持續(xù)開(kāi)發(fā)。在2016香港中華大型藝術(shù)品春季拍賣會(huì)上，雷納德國(guó)際拍賣有限公司推出一對(duì)銅鎏金佛像擺件，起拍價(jià)120萬(wàn)，經(jīng)過(guò)多輪競(jìng)拍，最終成交價(jià)為626萬(wàn)，由此可見(jiàn)其價(jià)值之高。
After 2000, the collection of Domestic Buddha statues began to start. The Gold copper sakyamuni Buddha of yongle Gilt auctioned by Christie's in Hong Kong in 2001 clinched a deal with 2.27 million only, which received a lukewarm response in China. However, with the development of China's art market and the continuous improvement of people's understanding of artworks, the value of gold and copper Buddha statue art is gradually recognized and excavated by people, and the gold and copper Buddha market begins to be continuously developed. In the 2016 Chunghua Large Art Spring Auction in Hong Kong, Rennard International Auction Co., Ltd. launched a pair of bronze gilt Buddha ornaments with a starting price of 1.2 million yuan. After several rounds of bidding, the final transaction price was 6.26 million yuan, which shows its high value.
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