【藏品名稱】：清代粉彩龍鳳呈祥瓷杯
[collection name]: Qing Dynasty pastel dragon and Phoenix Chengxiang porcelain cup
【藏品類別】：瓷器
[collection category]: porcelain
【藏品數量】：一件
[collection quantity]: one piece
【藏品鑒賞】：說到乾隆時期的瓷器，最重要的環節就是粉彩瓷，它在清代陶瓷史上留下輝煌的一頁，達前所未有的境界。正如《飲流齋說瓷》所說：“故乾隆一朝為清極盛時代，變為一代衰之樞也，政治文化如此，瓷業亦然。”清代乾隆中葉后，是陶瓷業由盛極而漸衰的轉折點，瓷業急轉直下，嘉慶時景德鎮御窯廠已無專司其事的督陶官，由地方官兼管，粉彩的制作基本處于因循守舊狀態，其產品質量和數量遠不及乾隆盛世。固有乾隆早期的瓷器有“雍乾不分”，后期有“乾嘉不分”，嘉慶晚期又有“嘉道不分”的系列之說，這正好把他們瓷器的起起伏伏打下了符號。嘉慶晚期瓷業漸趨低下，沒有什么突出的創新之作。清道光二十年(公元1840年)爆發了英國以武力侵略中國的鴉片戰爭，以后中國進入半殖民地半封建社會的歷史時期。
[collection appreciation]: when it comes to porcelain in Qianlong period, the most important link is pastel porcelain, which left a brilliant page in the history of Qing dynasty ceramics and reached an unprecedented level. As yinliuzhai said, "the Qianlong Dynasty was the peak of the Qing Dynasty, and became the pivot of the decline of a generation. So was the political culture, and so was the porcelain industry." After the middle period of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, it was a turning point for the ceramic industry to decline from prosperity. The ceramic industry took a sharp turn. During the Jiaqing period, there was no official in charge of the imperial kiln in Jingdezhen, and the local officials were in charge of it. The production of pastel was basically in a conservative state, and the quality and quantity of its products were far less than those in the heyday of Qianlong. In the early period of Qianlong, there was a saying that "Yong and Qian were not separated", in the late period of Qianlong, there was a saying that "Qian and Jia were not separated", and in the late period of Jiaqing, there was a saying that "Jia and Dao were not separated". In the late Jiaqing period, the porcelain industry gradually declined, and there was no outstanding innovation. The Opium War broke out in 1840 when Britain invaded China by force. After that, China entered a historical period of semi colonial and semi feudal society.
【清代粉彩龍鳳呈祥瓷杯】
[Qing Dynasty Famille Rose Porcelain Cup]
從乾隆到嘉慶、再到道光，瓷器制作逐步開始走下坡路，國力越來越弱，瓷器越來越弱，看來瓷器的高傲需要國力的高傲來維持的，但不管如何他們都是中國清代歷史真實的寫照。只有不斷的對比，方能從練就火眼金睛，區別出他們的不同，同樣接受清三代的制瓷高峰是不可輕易超越的。
From Qianlong to Jiaqing, and then to Daoguang, porcelain production gradually began to decline. The national strength became weaker and weaker, and porcelain became weaker and weaker. It seems that the arrogance of porcelain needs the arrogance of national strength to maintain, but in any case, they are the true portrayal of the history of Qing Dynasty in China. Only by continuous comparison can we distinguish them from each other. We also accept that the peak of porcelain making in the three dynasties of the Qing Dynasty can not be easily surpassed.
一、何為粉彩？
乾隆是一個自命“風雅”的人物，在他的提倡下，地主階級的中、上層崇尚風雅的習氣十分盛行，瓷制的各種文房用具，其品種之多和制作之精，都超越了以前任何時期。粉彩是清代康熙以后創制的一種新興彩瓷，長期來，誤認粉彩創制于清雍正時期，但根據康熙粉彩花卉盤，可以肯定，粉彩創始于康熙，只是康熙粉彩的實物極為罕見。我們收藏的【康熙辛亥年中和堂制】的彩瓷具有粉彩的特征,當時極好的 物證。粉彩的盛行當在雍正和乾隆時期。粉彩是清雍正以后，釉上彩瓷器的主流，但是在清代前期的有關文獻記載中，卻并無“粉彩”之名。只有到了民國才有了粉彩的記錄。粉彩從此有了一個定名最準確的彩瓷工藝的名稱，雖然來得晚，但是今天叫響了，我們跟著走，除了粉彩這個名稱，還真沒有更確切的名稱，就叫“粉彩”吧！
1、 What is pastel?Qianlong was a man who claimed to be "elegant". Under his advocation, the middle and upper classes of the landlord class were very popular in advocating elegance. The variety and quality of porcelain utensils for study exceeded any previous period. Pastel is a new kind of colored porcelain created after Kangxi in Qing Dynasty. For a long time, it has been mistakenly recognized that pastel was created in Yongzheng period of Qing Dynasty. But according to the pastel flower plate of Kangxi, it can be sure that pastel was created in Kangxi, but the objects of pastel of Kangxi are extremely rare. Our collection of colored porcelain [made in Zhonghe hall in the year of Kangxi and Xinhai] has the characteristics of pastel, which is an excellent material evidence at that time. Famille rose in the reign of Yongzheng and Qianlong. Pastel is the mainstream of overglaze porcelain after Yongzheng period of Qing Dynasty, but there is no name of "Pastel" in the relevant literature in the early Qing Dynasty. Only in the Republic of China did it have the record of pastel. Since then, famille rose has a name of the most accurate colored porcelain craft. Although it came late, it has been called today. Let's follow. Besides famille rose, there is really no more exact name. Let's call it "famille rose"!
成書于清雍正年間的《南窯筆記》，談到清代的彩瓷之處，有下述數處：“迨我朝定鼎之后，即于鎮廠仿作，諸窯畢備，更得洋色一種，誠一代巨觀，陶制之精，于斯為盛云。成化窯淡描、五彩精雅絕倫…今仿造者，增入洋色，尤為鮮艷。”“今之洋色，則有胭脂紅、羌水紅，皆用赤金與水晶料配成，價甚貴。其洋綠、洋黃、洋白、翡翠等色，俱人言硝粉、石末、硼砂各項煉就，其鮮明、嬌艷，迥異常色，使名手仿繪古人，可供洗染、點綴之妙。”《景德鎮陶錄》引載的是唐英于雍正六年至十三年期間，在景德鎮辦理窯務時所有的制瓷成就，關于彩瓷部分的記載：“仿萬、正窯五彩器皿。”“仿成窯五彩器皿，”“仿宣花黃地器皿，”“仿抹紅、彩紅等器皿，”“彩水墨器系新制，”“澆黃五彩器皿一 系新試得，”“洋彩器皿——新仿畫洋琺瑯畫法，山水、人物、花卉、翎毛，無不精細入神
The notes of Nanyao, which was written in the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, talks about the colored porcelain of the Qing Dynasty. There are several places as follows: "after the ding of our Dynasty, it was imitated in the Zhenchang, and the kilns were prepared. It was a kind of foreign color. It was a grand view of the whole generation, and the essence of pottery made here was Shengyun. Today's imitators add foreign colors, especially bright colors. "“ Today's western colors are carmine and Qiang Shui Hong, which are all made of red gold and crystal materials. The price is very expensive. Its green, yellow, white and jadeite colors are all refined by nitrate powder, stone powder and borax. They are bright, charming and different from the common colors. They make famous artists imitate the ancients and can be used for washing, dyeing and embellishment. "《 The record of Jingdezhen pottery records records all the porcelain making achievements of Tang Ying when he was engaged in kiln business in Jingdezhen from the sixth year to the thirteenth year of Yongzheng period. The part of colored porcelain records: "imitation Wanyao and Zhengyao multicolored vessels."“ It imitates the five colored vessels of Chengyao, Xuanhua yellow ground vessels, painted red and painted red vessels, colored water and ink vessels are new systems, painted yellow and five colored vessels are new trials, and foreign colored vessels are new imitations of enamel painting, landscapes, figures, flowers and feathers
