青花瓷又稱白地青花瓷，常簡稱青花，中華陶瓷燒制工藝的珍品。是中國瓷器的主流品種之一，屬釉下彩瓷。它是用含氧化鈷的鈷礦為原料，在陶瓷坯體上描繪紋飾，再罩上一層透明釉，經高溫還原焰一次燒成。鈷料燒成后呈藍色，具有著色力強、發色鮮艷、燒成率高、呈色穩定的特點。目前發現最早的青花瓷標本是唐代的;成熟的青花瓷器出現在元代;明代青花成為瓷器的主流;清康熙時發展到了頂峰。明清時期，還創燒了青花五彩、孔雀綠釉青花、豆青釉青花、青花紅彩、黃地青花、哥釉青花等品種。
Blue and white porcelain, also known as white ground blue and white porcelain, often referred to as blue and white porcelain, is a treasure of Chinese ceramic firing technology. It is one of the mainstream varieties of Chinese porcelain, which belongs to underglaze color porcelain. It uses cobalt ore containing cobalt oxide as raw material to depict patterns on the ceramic body, and then it is covered with a layer of transparent glaze, which is fired at one time by high temperature reduction flame. Cobalt material is blue after firing, which has the characteristics of strong coloring power, bright color, high firing rate and stable color. At present, the earliest blue and white porcelain specimens are from the Tang Dynasty; Mature blue and white porcelain appeared in Yuan Dynasty; Blue and white became the mainstream of porcelain in Ming Dynasty; During the reign of Emperor Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, it reached its peak. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were also blue and white and five colors, peacock green glaze blue and white, bean green glaze blue and white, blue and white and red, yellow ground blue and white, Ge glaze blue and white, etc.
青花瓷具有非常高的欣賞和收藏價值，歷來受到全世界人民的喜愛，青花瓷的歷史價值非常高，起源于唐代。宋代青花瓷雖有生產，但仍屬于初級階段，發展緩慢，傳世器物很少。元代青花瓷趨向成熟，尤以江西景德鎮青花瓷最為精致，有一定數量的青花瓷器傳世.
Blue and white porcelain has a very high appreciation and collection value, and has always been loved by people all over the world. The historical value of blue and white porcelain is very high, which originated in the Tang Dynasty. Although blue and white porcelain was produced in the Song Dynasty, it was still in the primary stage, with slow development and few artifacts handed down from generation to generation. Blue and white porcelain of Yuan Dynasty tends to be mature, especially Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province
元代的青花瓷器發展已比較成熟，青花料在當時分為進口和國產兩種，早期使用的色料來自海外，稱為“蘇麻離青”或“蘇渤泥青”，簡稱“蘇青”。元代青花瓷的胎體一般較為厚重，色彩鮮艷、構圖繁密，采用多層裝飾，花紋以龍鳳、魚藻、鴛鴦、荷鷺、纏枝花、山水、人物故事居多。內容豐富，筆法自由，生動傳神;畫面層次豐富，構圖飽滿，裝飾性極強。許多器物畫有八寶、蓮花、海馬和大云頭等紋飾，明顯受到喇嘛教藝術的影響。元青花造型優美，古樸端莊。既有恢弘雄偉的大器，如大罐、大盤、大碗等;也有精細靈巧的小器，如胎體輕薄的高足碗、高足杯、匜、盤等。元青花線條蒼勁有力，平涂結合勾、皴、點、染，表現了與水墨畫相同的藝術效果，顯示出元代工匠高超的繪畫才能。
The development of blue and white porcelain in Yuan Dynasty was relatively mature. At that time, blue and white materials were divided into imported and domestic ones. The pigments used in the early period came from overseas, which were called "Su Ma Li Qing" or "Su Bo Ni Qing" for short. The blue and white porcelain of Yuan Dynasty is usually thick in body, bright in color and dense in composition. It adopts multi-layer decoration. The patterns are mainly dragon and Phoenix, fish and algae, mandarin duck, lotus heron, tangled branch flower, landscape and character story. Rich content, free writing, vivid; The picture is rich in layers, full in composition and highly decorative. Many of the paintings are decorated with eight treasures, lotus, seahorse and big cloud head, which are obviously influenced by the art of Lamaism. The blue and white of the Yuan Dynasty is beautiful in shape, simple and dignified. There are magnificent utensils, such as big pots, big plates, big bowls, etc; There are also delicate and dexterous small utensils, such as tall foot bowl, tall foot cup, drum, plate, etc. The blue and white lines of the Yuan Dynasty are vigorous and powerful. The combination of flat painting with gouge, Cun, dot and dye shows the same artistic effect as ink painting, and shows the superb painting ability of the craftsmen of the Yuan Dynasty.
明代是青花瓷發展的高峰時期，無論是景德鎮官窯，還是各地民窯，都創作了許多精美的傳世佳作。這一時期的青花瓷，一直被視為是中國青花瓷的一種典范，為后世所追仿。特別是永樂、宣德和成化、嘉靖及萬歷年間官窯燒制的青花瓷，以其胎釉精細、青色濃艷、造型多樣、裝飾豐富而著稱于世。成化年間，青花瓷使用了一種新的青料，叫“平等青”，也叫“坡塘青”，這種青料產于江西瑞州。“平等青”發色穩定，色澤淡雅、柔和，給人一種若隱若現、虛無縹緲的感覺。成化青花瓷，色澤淡雅，釉面肥潤、撫之有玉質感;胎質細膩純潔，白釉瑩潤嬰戲等。從嘉靖到萬歷，用于燒制青花瓷的色料是一種叫做“回青”的色料。所謂“回青”，也稱“回青”，與“蘇青”一樣來自阿拉伯地區。而萬歷年間的青花料則產自浙江，也由此名為“浙料”。
Ming Dynasty is the peak period of blue and white porcelain development, whether it is Jingdezhen official kilns, or local kilns, have created a lot of exquisite handed down masterpieces. The blue and white porcelain of this period has been regarded as a model of Chinese blue and white porcelain, which has been pursued and imitated by later generations. In particular, the blue and white porcelain made in Yongle, Xuande, Chenghua, Jiajing and Wanli official kilns is famous for its fine glaze, rich blue and white color, various shapes and rich decoration. During the reign of Chenghua, a new green material was used for blue and white porcelain, called "equal green", also known as "Potang green", which was produced in Ruizhou, Jiangxi Province“ "Equal green" hair color is stable, the color is elegant, soft, giving people a vague, ethereal feeling. Chenghua blue and white porcelain, elegant color, glaze fat run, Fuzhi a sense of jade; The body is delicate and pure, and the white glaze is shining and moistening. From Jiajing to Wanli, the pigment used for firing blue and white porcelain is a kind of pigment called "Huiqing". The so-called "Huiqing", also known as "Huiqing", comes from the Arab region like "Suqing". The blue and white materials of Wanli period were produced in Zhejiang, which was also called "Zhejiang materials".
清代，康熙、雍正、乾隆三代皇帝對瓷器的生產工藝、胎釉質地、畫面裝飾都十分關注，甚至到了事必躬親的地步，使清代青花瓷的制作技藝水平達到一個新的高度。民窯青花在紋飾方面，顯得更加生動活潑，形式多樣，充滿生活氣息。出現了許多歷史題材和戲曲故事畫，如歲寒三友、米芾拜石、《西廂記》《三國演義》等。在瓷坯上繪畫，一種顏色能表現出濃淡深淺多種層次，與中國畫“墨分五色”一樣，有“料分五色”之說。官窯青花，器物大小要求適度，畫面效果重視神韻，造型變化講究韻律。民窯青花則不拘一格，運筆熟練剛健，畫風自然隨意，具有很強的民間風格。
In the Qing Dynasty, the emperors of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong paid close attention to the production technology, glaze texture and painting decoration of porcelain, even to the point of being hands-on, which made the production technology of blue and white porcelain reach a new level. Folk kiln blue and white in the decoration, appears more lively, diverse forms, full of life. There are many historical themes and drama story paintings, such as the three friends of winter, Mi Fu's worship of stone, the romance of the west chamber and the romance of the Three Kingdoms. Painting on porcelain body, a color can show a variety of levels, and Chinese painting "ink is divided into five colors", there is "material is divided into five colors". The blue and white wares of the official kilns are required to be of moderate size, the effect of the picture attaches importance to the verve, and the change of the shape pays attention to the rhythm. The folk kiln blue and white is not stick to one pattern, skillful and vigorous, natural and casual painting style, with a strong folk style.
此件“清康熙翠毛藍人物花口尊”，高49.5，口18.5，底15.5，底款“大清康熙年制”。 紋飾為人物故事圖，畫面人物比例得當，注重人物表情、性格的刻劃。輪廓、衣紋線條流暢，樹木、乃至人物衣飾有平涂。造型規整，胎質堅密，釉汁滋潤，圖案豐富，主次分明，青花色調淡雅。無論胎釉，還是發色畫工都充分體現了康熙時期的較高水準，具有很高的藝術性和觀賞性。
This "Qing Kangxi turquoise blue figure flower mouth Zun" is 49.5 in height, 18.5 in mouth, 15.5 in bottom, and the bottom is "Qing Kangxi year system". The pattern is the story of the characters. The proportion of the characters in the picture is appropriate, and the expression and character of the characters are emphasized. The outline and lines of the clothes are smooth, and the trees and even the people's clothes are flat. The shape is regular, the body is dense, the glaze juice is moist, the pattern is rich, the primary and secondary are clear, and the blue and white color is elegant. Both embryo glaze and hair color painters fully reflect the high level of Kangxi period, with high artistry and ornamental.
最能體現康熙青花特色的是風景人物，風格上模仿名畫家的筆法，立體感很強，畫法精細，分色層次鮮明，濃淡相宜。畫面效果講究意境美，整體給人以疏朗清閑的感覺。人物紋中最具代表性，畫面有生活情趣。以長篇詩文作為裝飾，也是康熙青花的一大特點。多是書寫在筆筒上，有《赤壁賦》、《圣主得賢臣頌》、《滕王閣序》、《四景讀書樂》等。
The most representative of Kangxi blue and white is the landscape characters. They imitate the famous painters' strokes in style. They have a strong sense of three-dimensional, fine painting, distinct color separation levels, and suitable shade. The effect of the picture stresses the beauty of artistic conception, which gives people a feeling of being relaxed and leisurely. The figure pattern is the most representative, and the picture has the interest of life. Taking long poems as decoration is also a major feature of Kangxi blue and white. Most of them are written on the pen, such as ode to Chibi, ode to the sage, preface to Tengwang Pavilion, music of reading in four sceneries, etc.
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