【藏品名稱】：清代石雕硯臺
Collection name: inkstone of Qing Dynasty
【藏品數量】：一件
[collection quantity]: one piece
【藏品簡介】：硯亦稱為研，中國傳統手工藝品之一，硯與筆、 墨、 紙合稱中國傳統的 文房四寶，是中國書法的必備用具。漢代 劉熙寫的《釋名》中解釋：“硯者研也，可研墨使和濡也”。它是由原始社會的研磨器演變而來。初期的硯，形態原始，是用一塊小研石在一面磨平的石器上壓墨丸研磨成墨汁。至漢時，硯上出現了雕刻，有石蓋，下帶足。 魏晉至隋出現了圓形瓷硯，由三足而多足。箕形硯是唐代常見的硯式，形同 簸箕，硯底一端落地，一端以足支撐。唐、宋時，硯臺的造型更加多樣化。
[introduction to collection]: inkstone, also known as Yan, is one of the traditional Chinese handicrafts. Together with pen, ink and paper, inkstone is known as the four treasures of Chinese traditional study, and is an essential tool for Chinese calligraphy. Liu Xi of the Han Dynasty explained in his Shiming that "inkstones can be studied, and Mo envoys and Ru can be studied.". It evolved from the grinders of primitive society. The inkstone in the early stage was primitive in shape. It was made of a small grindstone and ground into ink by pressing an ink ball on a stone tool which was ground flat on one side. In the Han Dynasty, there were sculptures on the inkstones, with stone covers and feet under them. From the Wei, Jin and Sui dynasties, there appeared round porcelain inkstones with three feet and many feet. Jixing inkstone is a common type of inkstone in Tang Dynasty. It is similar to a dustpan. One end of the inkstone falls to the ground and the other end is supported by feet. In Tang and Song Dynasties, the shapes of inkstones were more diversified.
硯材的運用也極為廣泛，其中以廣東 肇慶的端硯、 安徽歙縣的歙硯、甘肅卓尼的洮河硯、山西絳縣的澄泥硯最為突出，稱“ 四大名硯”。硯臺歷經秦漢、魏晉，至唐代起，各地相繼發現適合制硯的石料，開始以石為主的硯臺制作。其中采用廣東端州的 端石、安徽歙州的 歙石及甘肅臨洮的 洮河石制作的硯臺，被分別稱作端硯、歙硯、洮河硯。史書將端、歙、臨洮硯稱作三大名硯。清末，又將山西的澄泥硯與端、歙、臨洮，并列為中國四大名硯。也有人主張，以天然硯石雕制的魯硯中的 徐公石硯代替澄泥硯，合稱 四大名硯。
Among them, Duan inkstone in Zhaoqing, Guangdong, She inkstone in Shexian, Anhui, Taohe inkstone in Zhuoni, Gansu, and Chengni inkstone in Jiangxian, Shanxi are the most prominent. Inkstones went through the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and from the Tang Dynasty, stone materials suitable for making inkstones were found one after another, and inkstones were mainly made of stone. The inkstones made of Duanshi from Duanzhou in Guangdong, sheshi from Shezhou in Anhui and Taohe stone from Lintao in Gansu are called Duanshi, sheshi and Taohe inkstones respectively. Duan, she and Lintao inkstones are called three famous inkstones in history books. In the late Qing Dynasty, Chengni inkstone, Duan inkstone, Sheyan inkstone and Lintao inkstone in Shanxi Province were listed as the four famous inkstones in China. It is also advocated that Xugong inkstone, one of the Lu inkstones carved with natural inkstones, should replace Chengni inkstone, which is collectively known as the four famous inkstones.
起源
硯臺與筆、墨、紙是中國傳統的 文房四寶，是中國書法的必備用具。硯臺不僅是 文房用具，由于其性質堅固，傳百世而不朽，又被歷代文人作為珍玩藏品之選。硯臺的材料豐富多樣，除端石、歙石、洮河石、澄泥石、徐公硯、易水硯、 松花石紅絲石、 砣磯石、 菊花石外，還有 玉硯、玉雜石硯、瓦硯、漆沙硯、 鐵硯、 瓷硯等，共幾十種。硯臺是伴隨著筆和墨的發展而發展起來的。最早出現的硯臺是石硯。漢代由于發明了人工制墨，墨可以直接在硯上研磨，于是硯臺開始發展起來，出現了 銅硯、 陶硯、銀硯、 徐公硯、木胎漆砂硯等等，六朝至隋朝最突出的就是瓷硯的出現。唐代是硯臺的重要發展時期，出現了端石和歙石兩大硯材，明清時期制硯的材質更加豐富，出現了瓦硯、鐵硯、錫硯、玉硯、象牙硯、竹硯等等。木硯研究始于何時，沒有定論，但以清代居多。木材因其本性所限定，實際并不適宜做硯臺，但文人的浪漫將這種大膽的嘗試，與工匠的巧思融合在一起，為我們留下了許多頗為精美的文房陳設品。
originInkstone, pen, ink and paper are the four treasures of Chinese traditional study and the necessary tools for Chinese calligraphy. Inkstone is not only a tool for study, because of its strong nature, it has been handed down for centuries and is immortal. It has also been selected as a collection of treasures by scholars of all ages. The materials of inkstones are rich and diverse. In addition to Duanshi, sheshi, Taohe stone, Chengni stone, Xugong inkstone, Yishui inkstone, Songhua stone, Hongsi stone, Duji stone and Juhua stone, there are also dozens of kinds of jade inkstones, jade miscellaneous stone inkstones, tile inkstones, Qisha inkstones, iron inkstones and porcelain inkstones. Inkstone is developed with the development of pen and ink. The earliest inkstone is stone inkstone. In Han Dynasty, due to the invention of artificial ink, ink can be directly ground on the inkstone, so inkstone began to develop, with the emergence of copper inkstone, pottery inkstone, silver inkstone, Xugong inkstone, wooden lacquer sand inkstone and so on. From the Six Dynasties to the Sui Dynasty, the most prominent is the emergence of porcelain inkstone. The Tang Dynasty is an important period for the development of inkstones, with the emergence of Duanshi and sheshi. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the materials of inkstones were more abundant, including tile inkstones, iron inkstones, tin inkstones, jade inkstones, ivory inkstones, bamboo inkstones and so on. There is no definite conclusion about when the study of wooden inkstone began, but it is mostly in the Qing Dynasty. Limited by its nature, wood is not suitable for inkstone, but the romance of literati combined this bold attempt with craftsman's ingenious thinking, leaving us a lot of exquisite stationery furnishings.
除石硯以外，我國還生產過一些用其他原料制作的墨硯。漢代有瓦硯，陶硯，玉硯，鐵硯和 漆硯，晉代有木硯，瓷硯，和銅硯，唐代有泥硯，宋代有 水晶硯，石泥硯，磚硯和天然硯，明代有化石硯，清代有紙硯，而今有橡皮硯。經過很長時間的歷史，硯臺已早已不再是單純的文具，而成為了集雕刻，繪畫于一身的精美工藝品，成為文人墨客收藏的對象。如果要探究起中國硯臺的起源，可能要追溯到原始社會人類打造工具的研磨器了，作為與筆、墨、紙并稱“文房四寶”，中國歷代的文化人對硯臺的珍愛，可以說是到了無以復加的地步了。刻硯、賞硯、藏硯，作為一種時尚的風氣，硯臺隨著社會歷史的演變，濃縮了中國各個朝代文化、經濟乃至審美意識的各種信息。對現代人來說， 古硯臺完成了由實用品到藝術品的轉化，因而也造就了它獨特的收藏理財的價值。
In addition to inkstone, China has also produced some inkstone made of other raw materials. There are tile inkstone, pottery inkstone, jade inkstone, iron inkstone and lacquer inkstone in Han Dynasty, wood inkstone, porcelain inkstone and copper inkstone in Jin Dynasty, clay inkstone in Tang Dynasty, crystal inkstone, stone clay inkstone, brick inkstone and natural inkstone in Song Dynasty, fossil inkstone in Ming Dynasty, paper inkstone in Qing Dynasty and rubber inkstone now. After a long history, inkstone is no longer a simple stationery, but a set of sculpture, painting in a beautiful handicraft, become the object of collection of literati. If we want to explore the origin of Chinese inkstones, we may have to trace back to the grinders of tools made by human beings in primitive society. As the "four treasures of the study" together with pen, ink and paper, Chinese cultural people's treasure of inkstones in past dynasties can be said to be beyond comparison. Inkstone carving, appreciation and collection, as a fashion, along with the evolution of social history, has condensed various information of culture, economy and aesthetic consciousness of various dynasties in China. For modern people, the ancient inkstone has completed the transformation from a practical product to a work of art, thus creating its unique collection and financial value.
