唐三彩(Tang Tri-Color Glazed Ceramics),中國古代陶瓷燒制工藝的珍品,全名唐代三彩釉陶器,是盛行于唐代的一種低溫釉陶器,釉彩有黃、綠、白、褐、藍、黑等色彩,而以黃、綠、白三色為主,所以人們習慣稱之為“唐三彩”。因唐三彩最早、最多出土于洛陽,亦有“洛陽唐三彩”之稱。1905年隴海鐵路洛陽段修筑期間,在古都洛陽北邙山發現一批唐代墓葬,后來人們習慣地把這類陶器稱為“唐三彩”,并且沿用至今,享譽中外。
唐三彩,是從唐墓挖掘出來的陶器之泛稱,后來學者視為一種陶瓷分類上的術語。唐三彩并非專指那三種色彩而言。在唐墓中所挖掘出來的各類陶俑、陶像,以及其他陶器上,有的只有單彩,或者二彩,有甚多的器物,卻具有較復雜的多彩顏色。一般而言,除了胎體的白地之外,鉛黃、綠、青三彩最為普遍,在三彩的調配技法上,也最富藝術的韻味。唐三彩的器皿較少,而小馬、小家畜、小家禽數量較多,均具豐美的藝術意匠,尤以各種人物的陶俑,以及超自然形象的魌頭,最具藝術價值。三彩器正表現出唐代各種實際生活所應用的器物,而在這些器物中,卻把當時社會生活的形態很完備的呈現出來,由此獲知殉葬的明器與其他器物的形制與數量,均按照墓葬者生前官階,以及門第的大小而定。例如唐禮明器之制,三品以上九十事,五品以上六十事,九品以上四十事。挺馬偶人高一尺。其他音樂隊、童仆之屬、威儀服玩,亦各視其生前之品秩而定之。初唐之末期,始興厚葬之風,其后自盛唐至中、晚唐,厚葬之風益甚,舁明器而行街衢,陳墓所,奏歌舞音樂,張帷幕,設盤牀,以造花、人形、飲食施路人,殆如祭祀。因為唐代講究以三彩明器作為陪葬品,所以,從清末建筑河南汴洛鐵路以來,在洛陽北郊邙山等地之唐墓中,先后發掘為數頗多之三彩器與俑像。唐三彩不論其形制與色彩之施化,均具極高之藝術意匠,乃引起日本、歐美各國人士之注目,而以高價購藏,從此唐三彩遂被列入世界藝術之一部分。以上引自君友會王愛君美術文獻《唐三彩》。唐三彩制作最盛之時為開元、天寶至大歷年間(公元713～766年)。其藝術成就是震古鑠今,聞名中外的。唐三彩是由一個健全強明的朝代所啟毓而成,同時,它也具體而活躍的反映出此一健全強明的時代精神。
Tang Tri-Color Ceramics, a treasure of ancient Chinese Ceramics firing craft, the full name of Tang Tri-Color Ceramics, is a kind of low temperature Glazed pottery popular in the Tang Dynasty. The glaze Color has yellow, green, white, brown, blue, black and other colors, and given top place to yellow, green, white Color, so people used to call it "Tang Tri-Color Ceramics".Tri-glazed glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty was first and most unearthed in Luoyang, so it is also known as "Luoyang Tri-glazed glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty".
In 1905, during the construction of the Luoyang section of the Longhai Railway, a number of Tang Dynasty tombs were found in the north of the ancient capital Luoyang. Later, people used to call this kind of pottery "Tang Tri-colored Colour", and it is still in use today, renowned at home and abroad
Tri-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty is a generic term for pottery excavated from Tang tombs and later regarded by scholars as a term for the classification of ceramics.Tri-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty does not specifically refer to the three colors.Various clay figures, statues and other pottery excavated from Tang tombs have only one or two colors on them. There are a lot of utensils, but they have more complex and colorful colors.Generally speaking, besides the white ground of the embryo body, lead yellow, green, green tricolor is the most common, on the allocation technique of tricolor, also the most rich artistic charm.In the Trinicai of the Tang Dynasty, there are fewer vessels, but there are more calves, small livestock and poultry, all of which are rich in artistic design, especially in the clay figures of various figures and in the supernatural image of Qitou, it shows the most artistic value.The tricolor ware is showing all kinds of implements used in the real life of the Tang Dynasty, but in these implements, the form of the social life at that time is well presented, from which we can know that the shape, structure and number of the sacrificial vessels and other utensils are determined according to the rank and the size of the grave person's family.For example, the system of Tang ritual ware includes three items above ninety, five items above sixty, and nine items above forty.A man is a foot taller than a horse.Other musical groups, child servants' affiliations, and ceremonial costumes were also determined according to their rank in life.From the height of the Tang Dynasty to the middle and late Tang Dynasties, the style of heavy funerals grew. Sedan up a haul of illuminated articles and walked along streets and thoroughfare, where Chen Tombs were held, singing and dancing music was played, curtains were set up, and passers-by were presented with flowers, human figures and food, almost like sacrifices.Because the Tang Dynasty paid attention to the tricolor ware as burial goods, so, since the construction of Henan Bianluo railway at the end of the Qing Dynasty, in the north suburb of Luoyang, a large number of tricolor ware and figurines have been excavated in the Tang tombs such as Mang Hill.No matter its shape, structure and color, the tri-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty has a high artistic intention, which attracted the attention of people from Japan, Europe and the United States, and was purchased at a high price. Since then, the tri-colored pottery of the Tang Dynasty has been listed as one of the world's arts.The above quote is from Wang Aijun's art literature Tri-colored Colors of the Tang Dynasty.Tri-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty reached its peak during the Kaiyuan, Tianbao and Dali dynasties (713-766 AD).Her artistic achievements are decided and she is famous all over the world.Tri-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty was inspired by a sound and strong Ming dynasty. At the same time, it also specifically and actively reflects the spirit of The Times
舍利塔,是存放佛祖釋迦牟尼或后世高僧舍利子的塔,一種是存放舍利子和經書的塔,禮拜舍利寶塔是人們表達對諸佛皈依和感恩的方式。中國最大的舍利塔是五代時期建造的棲霞寺舍利塔,分類有景泰藍舍利塔、鎏金舍利塔、銅鎏金舍利塔。
十八種功德
(1)是人將生于三善道。
(2)是人將得長壽。
(3)是人將有尊貴的身體。
(4)是人將生而美麗且為眾人矚目。
(5)是人將耳聰目明、感官敏銳。
(6)是人將出生為偉大國王之子。
(7)是人將權集一身且享美譽。
(8)是人將成人中之王。
(9)是人身邊侍從集結。
(10)是人將成眾人之柱。
(11)是人將名聞十方。
(12)是人將出口成章、辯才無礙。
(13)是人將受人、天供養。
(14)是人將擁有無盡財富。
(15)是人將為宇宙之主。
(16)是人將生而得如佛之相好莊嚴。
(17)是人之身將如金剛杵之總集。
(18)是人將速得佛果。
The pagoda is a pagoda for storing the Buddhist Buddha Sakyamuni or the Buddhist monks of later generations. One is a pagoda for storing the Buddhist relics and scriptures. The worship pagoda is a way for people to express their conversion and gratitude to the Buddhas.China's largest sarira is the sarira of Qixia Temple built in the Five Dynasties period, classification has cloisonne sarira, gilded sarira, gilded bronze sarira.
Eighteen merits and virtues
(1) It is man who will be born in the Three Good Paths.
(2) It is man who will live long.
(3) It is that men shall have a noble body.
(4) People will be born beautiful and conspicuous.
(5) To be able to see and hear, and to sense.
(6) It is man who will be born the son of a great king.
(7) It is man who gathers power and enjoys fame.
(8) He is the king of men.
(9) It is the gathering of attendants around one.
It is the man who will become the pillar of all.
Fame is known everywhere.
(12) It is the man who will be eloquent and eloquent.
(13) It is man who will be offered by man and heaven.
Man will have unlimited wealth.
It is man who will be the master of the universe.
(16) is that man will be born with the dignity of a Buddha.
(17) It is a collection of human bodies that will be like a diamond pestle.
(18) People will soon get the Buddha fruit.
據傳,2500年前釋迦牟尼涅槃,弟子們在火化他的遺體時從灰燼中得到了一塊頭頂骨、兩塊骨、四顆牙齒、一節中指指骨舍利和八萬四千顆珠狀真身舍利子。
佛祖的這些遺留物被信眾視為圣物,爭相供奉。依《長阿含經》卷四〈游行經〉所述,釋尊于拘尸城雙樹間般涅槃后,佛舍利八分,獲得佛陀舍利子的國王后來各自建立舍利塔安置供養這些佛陀舍利子。另據《阿育王傳》卷一載,佛滅度百年后,阿育王搜集佛遺存的舍利,建造八萬四千寶塔供養之。
除上文所載之阿育王集佛舍利盛于八萬四千寶篋,建立八萬四千塔之外,其他各地亦有供養舍利的情形。阿育王將佛祖留下的舍利收集起來重新分成若干份,送往世界各地,建塔供奉。據說,這些舍利的一部分傳到了中國,中國各地便有了佛教舍利塔,而法門寺塔就是其中的一個。
相傳,釋迦牟尼的舍利被分葬在十處舍利塔中:
According to legend, when the body of Sakyamuni Nirvana was cremated 2,500 years ago, his disciples got a parietal bone, two bones, four teeth, a middle finger and phalanx fragment, and 84,000 beaded body pieces from the ashes.
These relics of the Buddha are regarded as sacred by believers and are eagerly worshipped.According to Bb0, in the fourth volume of the Long Aham Sutra, after being exonerated in the Nirvana between the double trees in the city of the corpse, the Buddha's relics were divided into eight parts. The Kings who obtained the Buddha's relics later built their own pagodas to place and provide for these Buddha's relics.In addition, according to the first volume of Ashoka Biography, after the Buddha's death for a hundred years, Ashoka collected the relics of Buddha and built 84,000 pagodas to support him.
In addition to the above mentioned Ashoka put Buddha's relics into 84,000 tarps and built 84,000 pagodas, there are also cases of offering relics in other places.Ashoka collected the relics left by the Buddha and divided them into several parts and sent them around the world to build pagodas for worship.It is said that some of these relics spread to China, and there were Buddhist stupas all over China, and the pagoda of Famen Temple is one of them.[1]
According to legend, Sakyamuni's relics are buried in ten stupas:
