和田玉，"中國四大名玉"之一(其三為陜西藍田玉、遼寧岫玉和河南獨山玉)。傳統狹義范疇特指新疆和田地區出產的玉石，以和田"子料"為代表聞名于世;廣義的和田玉指軟玉(真玉)。和田玉雖然因新疆和田而命名，但其本身不是地域概念，并非特指新疆和田地區出產的玉，而是一類產品的名稱。中國把透閃石成份占98%以上的石頭都命名為和田玉，都在國標范圍內。
Hetian jade is one of the "Four Famous Jade in China" (the third is Shaanxi lantian jade, Liaoning Xiuyu and Henan dushan jade). The traditional narrow category refers to the jade produced in Hotan, Xinjiang, which is famous for its "Ziliao" in Hotan. Hetian jade in a broad sense refers to nephrite (real jade). Although Hetian jade is named after Hetian, Xinjiang, it is not a regional concept, not the jade produced in Hetian, Xinjiang, but the name of a class of products. In China, Stone, which contains more than 98% tremolite, is named Hetian jade, which is within the national standard.
秦始皇統一中國的時候，和田玉因產于昆侖山被稱為"昆山之玉"，以后又因位于"于闐國"境內而被稱為"于闐玉"。直到清光緒九年(1883年)設立和田直隸州時，才被正式命名為"和田玉"。
When Qin Shihuang unified China, Hetian jade was called "Jade of Kunshan" because it was produced in Kunlun Mountain, and later was called "Jade of Khotan" because it was located in Khotan country. It was not until the establishment of Zhili Prefecture in Hetian in the ninth year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1883) that it was officially named "Hetian Jade".
和田玉中的名品，是珍藏于陜西歷史博物館的西漢國寶級文物"皇后之璽"，其質地為新疆和田羊脂玉，是迄今唯一的漢代皇后玉璽，為首批禁止出國(境)展覽文物 。2008年北京奧運會會徽徽寶"中國印"，也是采用新疆和田玉作為材料。
The famous product of Hetian jade is the Queen's Seal, a national treasure of Western Han Dynasty collected in Shaanxi History Museum. Its texture is Xinjiang Hetian sheep fat jade, which is the only Queen's Seal of Han Dynasty so far, and it is the first batch of cultural relics forbidden to go abroad for exhibition. The emblem of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, "China Seal", is also made of Hetian jade in Xinjiang.
此件和田玉掛件溫潤滋澤，具有油脂光澤，給人以滋潤柔和之感，有適中的透明度，水頭好，為微透明，琢成的玉件顯得水靈，有生氣，且雜質極少，達到無瑕的程度，而且里外一致，是古人所謂的"瑕不掩瑜，瑜不掩瑕"，或"鰓理自外，可以知中"。
This Hetian jade pendant is warm, moist and lustrous, giving people a moist and soft feeling, with moderate transparency, good water head and micro-transparency. The cut jade piece looks watery, lively, with few impurities, reaching the flawless level, and it is consistent inside and outside, which is what the ancients called "the defects are not concealed, the yoga is not concealed", or "the gills are from the outside, you can know the middle".
和田玉另一特點是有璞玉，古人對璞玉非常重視，明代科學家宋應星說:"凡璞藏玉，其外皮曰玉皮，取之為硯托之類，價值無幾，璞中之玉，有縱橫尺余無瑕玷者，古帝王取以為璽，所謂連城之璧，也不易得，其縱橫五六寸無瑕玷者，治以杯，此已當之重寶也，"和田玉璞玉的外皮，按特點可分為色皮、糖皮、石皮三類，色皮是玉的外皮有一層黃褐色或褐色很薄的皮(厚約1毫米)，為氧化所致，從皮色可看出玉的質量，如秋梨子、虎皮子、鹿皮子等，常為上等白玉，糖玉的外皮較厚，如紅糖色，且末玉礦常有此類玉。
Another characteristic of Hetian jade is that it has rough jade. The ancients attached great importance to rough jade. Song Yingxing, a scientist in Ming Dynasty, said: "Where jade is hidden in Pu, its outer skin is called jade skin, which is called inkstone support, and so on, it is of little value. The jade in Pu has more than vertical and horizontal feet, and the ancient emperors take it as the seal. It is not easy to get the so-called peerless gold. Those whose vertical and horizontal five or six inches are flawless are treated with cups, which has become a heavy treasure." Color skin is the skin of jade with a thin layer of yellow-brown or brown skin (about 1mm thick), which is caused by oxidation. The quality of jade can be seen from the skin color, such as autumn pear, tiger skin, deer skin, etc., which is often fine white jade, while the skin of sugar jade is thick, such as brown sugar, and this kind of jade is often found in last jade mines.
崇尚和田玉的風氣在清代達到頂峰，尤以乾隆為甚，其命人雕琢的"大禹治水圖玉山"，是中國玉器中用料最多、器型最大、路途最遙遠、耗時最久、費用最高的玉雕工藝品，也是世界上最大的玉雕之一 。乾隆揮斥巨資從距北京萬里之外的新疆采集重達萬斤的巨型玉材，不吝人力、財力歷時三年才將其運至內地，在揚州召集各路能工巧耗時7年終于雕刻完工。"大禹治水圖"玉山，從開采到最后全部完工，歷經十余年，所用的工時和造價，已無精確的資料可據，但粗略估算，至少數十萬人工，耗白銀更是不計其數。
The trend of advocating Hetian jade reached its peak in Qing Dynasty, especially Qianlong. The "Dayu Water Control Map Yushan", which was carved by people, is a jade carving handicraft with the most materials, the largest shape, the longest journey, the longest time-consuming and the highest cost among Chinese jade articles, and is also one of the largest jade carvings in the world. Qianlong spent huge sums of money to collect giant jade materials weighing 10,000 Jin from Xinjiang, which is thousands of miles away from Beijing. It took three years to transport them to the mainland, and it took seven years to assemble all kinds of skilled workers in Yangzhou to finish carving. Yushan, the "Dayu Water Control Map", has gone through more than ten years from mining to completion. There is no accurate information on the working hours and cost, but it is roughly estimated that there are at least hundreds of thousands of labors and countless silver consumptions.
清代玉工善于借鑒繪畫、雕刻、工藝美術的成就，集陰線、陽線、鏤空、俏色等多種傳統做工及歷代的藝術風格之大成。并吸收了外來藝術影響，加以糅合變通，創造并發展了工藝性、裝飾性很強的治玉工藝，有著鮮明的時代特點和較高的藝術造詣。
Jade workers in Qing Dynasty were good at drawing lessons from the achievements of painting, carving and arts and crafts, and gathered various traditional workmanship such as Yin line, Yang line, hollow out, pretty color, etc., and the artistic styles of the past dynasties. It absorbed the influence of foreign art, blended and adapted it, and created and developed a highly artistic and decorative jade treatment process, which has distinct characteristics of the times and high artistic attainments.
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