宋代五大名窯之一的官窯,名馳海外,歷有北宋官窯與南宋官窯之別,傳世品多為宮廷內藏,見于《宣德鼎彝譜》,亦當有流散民間與海外。宋代官窯瓷器，由官府直接營建，代表著漢族陶瓷藝術的最高成就。官窯瓷器雖然在宋代瓷器中只占極少數，但是由于其所處地位和具備的優越條件，使它在當時燒造了一批宮庭所需的高檔瓷器，其高超的燒造技藝和不朽的藝術價值，成為漢民族珍貴的文化遺產。
The official kiln, one of the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty, is famous overseas, and it is different from the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty and the official kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty. Most of the products handed down from ancient times are hidden in the court, which can be found in Xuande Ding Yi Spectrum, and should also be scattered among the people and overseas. The official kiln porcelain of Song Dynasty, built directly by the government, represents the highest achievement of Han ceramic art. Although official kiln porcelain accounted for only a small number of porcelain in Song Dynasty, because of its position and superior conditions, it made a batch of high-grade porcelain needed by the court at that time, and its superb firing skills and immortal artistic value became the precious cultural heritage of the Han nationality.
宋代官窯瓷器與汝、哥、鈞窯瓷器一樣，特別注重釉色美。其凝厚的釉層系采取先素燒坯體、然后多次施釉的方法完成的，釉層厚度往往大于坯體的厚度。燒成過程中，選用優質木材作燃料，以保證窯內的溫度和氣氛。官窯瓷器主要為素面，既無華美的雕飾，又無艷彩涂繪，最多使用凹凸直棱和弦紋為飾。釉面紋片粼粼，愈顯高潔古雅。釉色以粉青為主，釉面開片本因釉與胎的收縮率不一致，冷卻時形成一種釉裂胎不裂的現象，古代工匠巧妙地利用錯落有致的開片，順其自然，形成一種妙趣天成的裝飾釉。這種裝飾除了表現在宋代官窯瓷器表面，宋代哥窯、汝窯瓷器表現大多出現，或稱“開片”、“龜裂”。
Like Ru, Ge and Jun kiln porcelain, the official kiln porcelain in Song Dynasty paid special attention to the beauty of glaze. The thick glaze layer is prepared by firing the green body first and then glazing several times, and the thickness of the glaze layer is often greater than that of the green body. In the firing process, high-quality wood is selected as fuel to ensure the temperature and atmosphere in the kiln. Official kiln porcelain is mainly plain, with neither gorgeous carving nor colorful painting, and it is decorated with concave-convex straight edges and chords at most. Glazed grain is sparkling, which makes it more noble and elegant. Glaze color is mainly pinkish, and the shrinkage of glaze and tire is inconsistent, which results in a phenomenon that glaze cracks and tire does not crack when cooling. Ancient craftsmen skillfully use patchwork pieces to let nature take its course and form a kind of interesting decorative glaze. This kind of decoration is not only on the surface of official kiln porcelain in Song Dynasty, but also on Ge kiln and Ru kiln porcelain in Song Dynasty.
“官瓷重楷模，精華四海粹”，這是《飲流齋說瓷》中對宋代官窯瓷器的贊美。實際上宋代官窯有南北之分，且各有其特點。北宋官窯也稱汴京官窯，相傳北宋大觀、政和年間，在汴京附近設立窯場，由官府直接經營，專燒宮廷用瓷，即北宋官窯。當時的京師即汴京(今河南開封)，因宋代汴京遺址已沉入底下，至今為止，尚未發掘出北宋官窯遺址。北宋官窯瓷器的傳世品很少，多仿古器，主要有碗、瓶、洗等，胎體顯厚，胎骨深灰、紫色或黑色，釉色有淡青、粉青、月白等，釉質瑩潤溫雅，尤以釉面開大裂紋片著稱，不同于南宋官窯、汝窯及龍泉窯瓷器。
"Official porcelain pays attention to the model, and the essence is the quintessence of the whole world", which is a compliment to the official kiln porcelain of Song Dynasty in "Yin Liu Zhai Shuo Porcelain". In fact, the official kilns in Song Dynasty were divided into north and south, and each had its own characteristics. Northern Song Dynasty official kiln is also called Bianjing official kiln. According to legend, during Daguan and Zhenghe years of Northern Song Dynasty, a kiln was set up near Bianjing, which was directly operated by the government and specialized in burning palace porcelain, namely Northern Song Dynasty official kiln. At that time, the capital was Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan Province). So far, the ruins of Bianjing in Song Dynasty have not been excavated. There are few products handed down from ancient times in official kiln porcelain of Northern Song Dynasty, mainly including bowls, bottles, washing, etc. The carcass is thick, the carcass is dark gray, purple or black, and the glaze color is light green, pink green, moon white, etc. The enamel is shining in Wen Ya, especially famous for its cracked glaze, which is different from the official kiln, Ru kiln and Longquan kiln porcelain of Southern Song Dynasty.
南宋時先后設立了“修內司窯”和“郊壇下窯”。南宋官窯的窯址在杭州烏龜山一帶，考古人員進行了多次發掘，獲得了比較多的實物資料。南宋官窯器，胎為黑、深灰、淺灰、米黃色等，有厚薄之分，胎質細膩，釉面乳濁，多開片，釉色有粉青、淡青、灰青、月白、米黃等，因器中施釉稀薄，微露紫色;而采用刮釉墊燒時，足上露胎而呈偏赤鐵色，故有“紫口鐵足”之稱。宋代官窯是由宮廷設窯燒造的，其制作的瓷器均為宮廷壟斷，多以十分珍貴，且流傳至今的官窯珍品更是少之又少，所以，官窯瓷器一直是眾多藏家夢寐以求的收藏佳品，也是各大拍場的寵兒。
During the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Repairing Inner Division Kiln" and the "Suburb Altar Kiln" were successively established. The official kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty is located in Wugui Mountain, Hangzhou. Archaeologists have made many excavations and obtained a lot of material objects. Southern Song Dynasty official kiln ware, the tires are black, dark gray, light gray, beige, etc., which are divided into thick and thin parts, the tires are delicate, the glaze is opaque, and the glaze colors are pink, light green, gray green, moon white, beige, etc., because the glaze in the ware is thin and slightly purple; When using scraping glaze pad to burn, the tire is exposed on the foot and is reddish iron, so it is called "purple iron foot". The official kiln in Song Dynasty was burned by the court, and the porcelain produced by it was monopolized by the court, and most of them were very precious, and the official kiln treasures that have been handed down to this day are rare. Therefore, the official kiln porcelain has always been the favorite collection of many collectors, and it is also the darling of major auction venues.
梅瓶，作為一種具有儲酒實用、陳設裝飾、明器陪葬等多重用途的器物，從唐代開始出現時就已受到人們的喜愛，到宋代時已很流行是宋代普遍流行的一種陶瓷器皿，元明時期隨著青花瓷器的成熟而日趨風行。梅瓶在唐代時有部分器型因腹部細瘦類如雞腿而被稱為雞腿瓶，宋代時稱其“酒經”或 “經瓶”。據文獻記載，“梅瓶”之稱謂晚清方始出現，因其小口僅能容一形態瘦小的梅枝而得名，而并非專用于插梅花。也有另一種說法是梅瓶多用于盛酒，常有用其盛“梅醞”酒而得名。此梅瓶小唇口，豐肩，鼓腹，腹下漸收至底。宋官窯瓷器的燒造工藝一向極為精致，以色取勝，追求青翠如玉的呈色，滋潤失透，此瓶器型典雅優美，通體施青釉，胎質勻凈細膩，肥厚瑩潤，開紋優美，且像如此傳世完整的官窯精品十分珍貴罕見。
Plum bottle, as a multi-purpose utensil with practical wine storage, display and decoration, funerary wares, etc., has been loved by people since its appearance in the Tang Dynasty, and has become very popular in the Song Dynasty. It was a popular ceramic utensil in Song Dynasty, and became increasingly popular with the maturity of blue and white porcelain in Yuan and Ming Dynasties. In Tang Dynasty, plum bottle was called chicken leg bottle because of its thin belly, and in Song Dynasty, it was called "wine classics" or "classic bottle". According to literature records, the name "Plum Bottle" appeared only in the late Qing Dynasty, and was named after its small mouth, which could only accommodate a thin plum branch, but was not dedicated to inserting plum blossoms. There is another saying that plum bottles are mostly used to hold wine, and they are often named after the plum bottles used to hold "Mei Yun" wine. This plum bottle has a small lip, full shoulders, bulging belly, and gradually closes to the bottom under the belly. The firing process of Song Dynasty official kiln porcelain has always been extremely delicate, winning by color, pursuing green and jade-like color, moisturizing and devitrifying. This bottle is elegant and beautiful, with green glaze applied all over the body, even and delicate fetal quality, thick and moist, and beautiful patterns, and such a complete official kiln boutique handed down from ancient times is very precious and rare.
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