本網(wǎng)9月24日訊 瑯又稱“佛郎”、“法藍”,是由中國隋唐時古西域地名拂菻音譯而來。琺瑯器是以琺瑯為材料裝飾而制成的器物,其基本成分為石英、長石、硼砂和氟化物,與陶瓷釉、琉璃、玻璃同屬硅酸鹽類物質(zhì)。依據(jù)具體加工工藝的不同,又可分為掐絲琺瑯器、鏨胎琺瑯器、畫琺瑯器和透明琺瑯器等幾個品種琺瑯就是將經(jīng)過粉碎研磨的琺瑯釉料,涂施于經(jīng)過金屬加工工藝制作后的金屬制品的表面,經(jīng)干燥、燒成等制作步驟后,所得到的復(fù)合性工藝品。琺瑯工藝的制作分類很多,一般根據(jù)制作方法和胎地種類將其分類。清代,西洋琺瑯從廣州傳入中國,廣州生產(chǎn)的琺瑯俗稱“廣琺瑯”,是朝廷的貢品,其中最著名的是畫琺瑯, 鏨胎琺瑯的制作中心也在廣州,透明琺瑯器也以廣州出產(chǎn)的最為著名。琺瑯是以礦物質(zhì)的硅、鉛丹、硼砂、長石、石英等以適當?shù)谋壤旌?分別加入各種不同顏色的金屬氧化物,經(jīng)焙燒研磨制成粉末狀彩料后,根據(jù)不同的工藝,填嵌或繪制于金屬胎體上的一種藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作過程。金屬鏨刻技法是我國古代一種傳統(tǒng)的金屬器加工方法。琺瑯的基本成分為石英、長石、硼砂和氟化物,與陶瓷釉、琉璃、玻璃(料)同屬硅酸鹽類物質(zhì)。中國古代習(xí)慣將附著在陶或瓷胎表面的稱“釉”;附著在建筑瓦件上的稱“琉璃”;而附著在金屬表面上的則稱為“琺瑯”粉彩瓷裝飾畫法上的洗染,吸取了各姐妹藝術(shù)中的營養(yǎng),采取了點染與套色的手法,使所要描繪的對象,無論人物,山水,花卉,鳥蟲都顯得質(zhì)感強,明暗清晰,層次分明。采用的畫法既有嚴整工細刻畫微妙的工筆畫,又有滲入淋漓揮灑,簡潔洗練的寫意畫,還有夸張變形的裝飾畫風。甚至把版畫,水彩畫,油畫以及水彩畫等姐妹藝術(shù)都加以融匯運用,精微處,絲毫不爽;豪放處,生動活潑。粉彩的繪制,一般要經(jīng)過打圖,升圖,做圖,拍圖,畫線,彩料,填色,洗染等工序。其中從打圖到拍圖,是一個用墨線起稿,進行創(chuàng)作構(gòu)思,如繪瓷決定裝飾內(nèi)容與形象構(gòu)圖的階段。正式繪制時的定稿叫“升圖”,把描過濃墨的圖樣從瓷器上拍印下來叫“做圖”。接著把印有墨線的圖紙轉(zhuǎn)拍到要正式繪制的瓷胎上去即“拍圖”,這樣就可進行繪瓷。粉彩的描繪,著色技法是比較復(fù)雜細致的,一般如畫,彩,填,洗,扒,吹,點等技法。其所用工具有畫筆,填筆,洗筆,彩筆,篤筆,赤金筆,金水筆,瑪瑙筆,扒筆等許多特制筆。
Lang, also known as "Fulang" and "Falan", was transliterated from the place names of ancient western regions in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Enamel ware is a kind of ware decorated with enamel. Its basic composition is quartz, feldspar, borax and fluoride. It belongs to silicate material with ceramic glaze, glass and glass. According to the different processing technology, it can be divided into several varieties, such as thread cutting enamel, chiseling enamel, painting enamel and transparent enamel. Enamel is a kind of composite handicraft by applying the grinding enamel to the surface of metal products made by metal processing technology after drying and firing. There are many classifications of enamel technology, which are generally classified according to production methods and types of fetal land. In the Qing Dynasty, Western enamel was introduced into China from Guangzhou. The enamel produced in Guangzhou, commonly known as "Guang enamel", was a tribute of the imperial court. Among them, the most famous one was painted enamel. The production center of chiseled enamel was also in Guangzhou. The transparent enamel ware was also produced in Guangzhou. Enamel is a kind of artistic creation process in which mineral silicon, lead lead, borax, feldspar, quartz, etc. are mixed in proper proportion, and metal oxides of different colors are added respectively. After being roasted and ground into powder color materials, according to different processes, enamel is embedded or drawn on the metal matrix. Metal carving technique is a traditional metalworking method in ancient China. The basic composition of enamel is quartz, feldspar, borax and fluoride. It belongs to silicate material with ceramic glaze, glass and glass (material). In ancient China, it was used to call "glaze" which was attached to the surface of pottery or porcelain body; it was called "colored glaze" attached to building tiles; and it was called "enamel" that was attached to the metal surface. The washing and dyeing of famille rose porcelain decorative painting absorbed the nutrition of sisters' art, and adopted the method of spot dyeing and coloration, so that the objects to be described, no matter the figures, landscapes, flowers, birds and insects, appeared Strong texture, clear light and dark, clear levels. The painting methods adopted include not only the meticulous and meticulous depiction of delicate brushwork, but also the penetrating, concise and concise freehand brushwork, as well as the exaggerated and deformed decorative painting style. Even print, watercolor, oil painting, watercolor and other sister art are used to blend, subtle, not happy; bold and unconstrained, lively. The painting of famille rose usually goes through drawing, lifting, drawing, photographing, line drawing, color material, coloring, washing and dyeing. From drawing to taking pictures, it is a stage of drawing with ink lines and making creative ideas, such as painting porcelain to decide the decoration content and image composition. The final draft of the formal drawing is called "shengtu", and it is called "making drawing" to photograph and print the pattern with thick ink from porcelain. Then transfer the drawing printed with ink lines to the porcelain body to be formally drawn, that is, "pat map", so that you can paint porcelain. The painting and coloring techniques of famille rose are more complex and meticulous, such as painting, color, filling, washing, grilling, blowing, and so on. The tools used are paintbrush, filling pen, washing brush, colored brush, Du pen, red gold pen, golden water pen, agate pen, pickling pen and so on.
雍正的琺瑯彩比較成熟,工藝上有所突破,彩料更為豐富。雍正時期有色地彩繪,但更多的采用了白地彩繪。白地彩繪能更好地突出琺瑯彩釉的艷麗鮮亮。雍正琺瑯彩紋飾多為山水、竹石、花鳥等景物,同時在繪畫中配以相應(yīng)的詩句,溶詩、書、畫于一體,別有風味,顯得更加高雅。雍正時期還盛行單色作畫,如用胭脂紅、深蘭、墨彩……任選一色成畫,頗有中國畫風格。這是獨創(chuàng),特別靚麗。康熙的款識在琺瑯彩器上均用色料寫款,有紅、蘭、紫、黑等色。落款僅為“康熙御制”四字楷書,加雙方匡。四字款有三種形式,其區(qū)別在于“康”字和“御”字各有兩種不同用筆。清代是中國制瓷界的一個融合時期,其制瓷水平達到了前所未有的高峰。受嚴格的封建統(tǒng)治制度和制瓷歷史傳統(tǒng)的影響,清代官窯瓷器和名窯瓷器在搬運上也有一定的約定,同時也創(chuàng)造了金彩、墨彩、琺瑯彩等新的銘文技術(shù),而各種館名、花卉典藏、吉祥語基金也更加多樣化
搪瓷可以說是繼承了中國陶瓷自歷史發(fā)展以來的種種優(yōu)勢。它在毛坯拉深、造型、繪畫、材料、釉料、色彩、燒制等工藝上幾乎是精美絕倫的。乾隆時期,陶瓷作品眾多,但琺瑯彩在制作工藝和材料上是無與倫比的。繪畫也成為琺瑯彩瓷的精髓。畫家不是普通的窯工,而是宮中的畫家,所以這些器物可以代表當時較高的藝術(shù)水平和工藝水平。而此藏品是琺瑯發(fā)展最為鼎盛時期制作在做工工藝上屬于上品,可流傳萬世有著很高的收藏價值。
Yongzheng's enamel color is relatively mature, with a breakthrough in technology and more abundant color materials. In the Yongzheng period, colored painting was used, but more white color painting was used. White ground painting can better highlight the brilliance of enamel glaze. Yongzheng enamel decoration is mostly landscape, bamboo, stone, flowers and birds and other scenery. At the same time, the painting is combined with the corresponding poetry, melting poetry, calligraphy and painting into one, which is unique and elegant. In the period of using and returning pure ink to Rouge painting, it was as popular as rouge painting You can choose one color to make a painting, which is quite Chinese painting style. It's original. It's beautiful. Kangxi's style was written with pigments on the enamel wares, including red, blue, purple and black. The inscription is only "Kangxi imperial system" four character regular script, plus both sides Kuang. There are three forms of four character style, the difference is that "Kang" and "Yu" have two different styles. The Qing Dynasty is a fusion period of China's porcelain industry, and its porcelain making level has reached an unprecedented peak. Under the influence of the strict feudal ruling system and the historical tradition of porcelain making, there were certain agreements on the transportation of official and famous porcelains in Qing Dynasty. At the same time, new inscriptions such as gold color, ink color and enamel color were created, and various Museum names, flower collections and auspicious language funds were also more diversified
Enamel can be said to inherit the advantages of Chinese ceramics since the historical development. It is almost exquisite in the process of blank drawing, modeling, painting, materials, glaze, color, firing and so on. During the Qianlong period, there were many ceramic works, but the enamel color was incomparable in the production technology and materials. Painting has also become the essence of enamel porcelain. The painters were not ordinary killers, but painters in the palace, so these artifacts could represent the higher artistic level and technological level at that time. The collection is the most prosperous period of enamel development. It belongs to the top grade in workmanship and can be handed down for generations. It has high collection value.
而且此藏品瓷胎,瓷胎細薄,修胎規(guī)則,完整無缺,底軸,多為純色,白釉居多,不偏青也不偏黃,軸面光滑潔凈無疵。色極鮮艷且柔和,很少為純色而為粉彩型偶合色。色種多,同一物上可出現(xiàn)八種顏色,多達十多種。每一圖案均由多種色料調(diào)配而成。其料彩表面光滑有玻璃質(zhì)反光感,有時還可反射蛤蜊光,十分美觀。釉料均凸出底釉略高出一毫米左右,有明顯的立體感,閉眼用手摸可明顯感覺到,若用十倍放大鏡看可在每一片小花、小葉上看到極小的開片紋。
Moreover, the porcelain body of this collection is thin, regular and complete. The bottom shaft is mostly pure color, and the majority of white glaze is not blue or yellow. The shaft surface is smooth and clean without defects. The color is very bright and soft. It is rarely a solid color, but it is a powder color. There are many kinds of colors. There are eight kinds of colors on the same object, up to more than ten kinds. Each pattern is made of a variety of colors. The surface of the material color is smooth, with a glass reflective feeling, and sometimes it can reflect clam light, which is very beautiful. The glaze is protruding, and the bottom glaze is slightly higher than 1 mm, which has a clear three-dimensional sense. If you use a 10 times magnifying glass, you can see the tiny opening pattern on each small flower and leaf。
