中國的雕刻文字，最古的有殷的甲骨文，周的鐘鼎文，秦的刻石等，凡在金銅玉石等素材上雕刻的文字通稱“金石”。璽印即包括在“金石”里。璽印的起源或說商代，或說殷代，至今尚無定論。根據(jù)遺物和歷史記載，至少在春秋戰(zhàn)國時(shí)已出現(xiàn)，戰(zhàn)國時(shí)代已普遍使用。起初只是作為商業(yè)上交流貨物時(shí)的憑證。秦始皇統(tǒng)一中國后，印章范圍擴(kuò)大為證明當(dāng)權(quán)者權(quán)益的法物，為當(dāng)權(quán)者掌握，作為統(tǒng)治人民的工具。
The oldest carved characters in China are Oracle bones in Yin, Zhong Dingwen in Zhou and carved stones in Qin, etc. The characters carved on gold, copper, jade and other materials are called "Jinshi". Xiyin is included in the "stone". The origin of Xi Yin, or Shang Dynasty, or Yin Dynasty, is still inconclusive. According to relics and historical records, they appeared at least in the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period, and were widely used in Warring States Period. At first, it was only used as a voucher for commercial exchange of goods. After Qin Shihuang unified China, the scope of the seal was expanded to prove the rights and interests of those in power, which was mastered by those in power and used as a tool to rule the people.
戰(zhàn)國時(shí)期，主張合縱的名相蘇秦佩戴過六國相印。近幾年來，出土的文物又把印章的歷史向前推進(jìn)了數(shù)百年。也就是說，印章在周朝時(shí)就有了。
During the Warring States Period, Su Qin, who advocated union, wore the seal of six countries. In recent years, the unearthed cultural relics have pushed forward the history of seals for hundreds of years. That is to say, the seal existed in the Zhou Dynasty.
傳世的古代璽印，多數(shù)出于古城廢墟、河流和古墓中。有的是戰(zhàn)爭中戰(zhàn)敗者流亡時(shí)所遺棄，也有在戰(zhàn)爭中殉職者遺棄在戰(zhàn)場上的，而當(dāng)時(shí)慣例，凡在戰(zhàn)場上虜獲的印章必須上交，而官吏遷職、死后也須脫解印綬上交。其它有不少如官職連姓名的，以及吉語印、肖形印等一般是殉葬之物，而不是實(shí)品。其它在戰(zhàn)國時(shí)代的陶器和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)量器上，以及有些諸侯國的金幣上，都用印章蓋上名稱和記錄上制造工匠的名姓或圖記性質(zhì)的符號(hào)，也被流傳下來。
Most of the ancient seals handed down from the ancient city ruins, rivers and ancient tombs. Some were abandoned by the defeated in exile, and some were abandoned on the battlefield by those who died in the war. At that time, it was customary that all seals captured on the battlefield must be handed in, and officials must take off their seals when they move their posts and die. Many others, such as official positions and even names, as well as auspicious language seals and Xiao-shaped seals, are generally sacrificial objects rather than real objects. Other pottery and standard measuring instruments in the Warring States Period, as well as gold coins in some vassal States, were stamped with seals and recorded with the names of craftsmen or symbols of pictorial nature, which have also been handed down.
古璽是先秦印章的通稱。我們現(xiàn)在所能看到的最早的印章大多是戰(zhàn)國古璽。這些古璽的許多文字，現(xiàn)在我們還下認(rèn)識(shí)。朱文古璽大都配上寬邊。印文筆畫細(xì)如毫發(fā)，都出于鑄造。白文古璽大多加邊欄，或在中間加一豎界格，文字有鑄有鑿。官璽的印文內(nèi)容有“司馬”、“司徒”等名稱外，還有各種不規(guī)則的形狀，內(nèi)容還刻有吉語和生動(dòng)的物圖案。
Ancient seal is the general name of pre-Qin seal. Most of the earliest seals we can see now are ancient seals of the Warring States Period. Many words of these ancient seals are still known to us. Zhu Wen's ancient seals are mostly matched with wide edges. The seal strokes are as fine as a scratch, and they all come from casting. Most of the ancient seals in Baiwen are added with side bars or a vertical grid in the middle, and the characters are cast with chisels. In addition to the names Sima and Situ, there are also various irregular shapes, and the seal is engraved with auspicious language and vivid objects.
清代百官印等級(jí)區(qū)分同樣十分嚴(yán)格，印章普遍有所增大。其字體有蒙古文楷書、滿文、漢篆等。最常見的是漢滿文對(duì)照同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在印面上，這也是清公印的一大特點(diǎn)。其中漢篆中，九疊文不太興盛，出現(xiàn)了玉箸篆、懸針篆、柳葉篆、芝英篆等等。
In Qing Dynasty, the classification of official seals was also very strict, and the seals generally increased. Its fonts include Mongolian regular script, Manchu script, Han seal script and so on. The most common is that Chinese and Manchu languages appear on the printing surface at the same time, which is also a major feature of the Qing Dynasty. Among them, the nine-fold seal script is not very prosperous, and there are jade bamboo seal script, hanging needle seal script, willow seal script, Zhiying seal script and so on.
官印：官方所用之印章。歷代官印，各有制度，不僅名稱不同，形狀、大小、印文、紐式也有差異。印章由皇家頒發(fā)，代表權(quán)力，以區(qū)別官階和顯示爵秩。官印一般比私印大，謹(jǐn)嚴(yán)穩(wěn)重，多四方形，有鼻紐。
Official seal: the official seal. Official seals of the past dynasties have their own systems, not only with different names, but also with different shapes, sizes, seals and new styles. The seal is issued by the royal family, representing power, to distinguish official rank and show rank. Official seals are generally larger than private seals, which are more square and have nose buttons.
印章的美學(xué)價(jià)值可以歸結(jié)為兩個(gè)方面：印章的藝術(shù)美和印章的材質(zhì)美。印藝之美則可分化成四個(gè)部分：印文、印款、印譜以及印飾。
The aesthetic value of seal can be summed up in two aspects: the artistic beauty of seal and the material beauty of seal. The beauty of printing art can be divided into four parts: printing, printing, printing and decoration.
印章作為藝術(shù)品，其價(jià)值一般表現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面，一是其外形設(shè)計(jì)，也就是印鈕的設(shè)計(jì)、鑄造技藝及后期更高層次的深加工技藝。二是印面文字的書法和鐫刻藝術(shù)。
As a work of art, the value of seals is generally manifested in two aspects: first, its shape design, that is, the design of buttons, casting skills and later higher-level deep processing skills. Second, the calligraphy and engraving art of printed characters.
由于印章在官方、民間的大量、廣泛的使用，印材的多樣化，為印鈕的設(shè)計(jì)、制作創(chuàng)造了更加寬廣的空間，所以，到了清末民國年間，印章的藝術(shù)得到了空前的繁榮。印鈕的設(shè)計(jì)也突破了上述的鈕制，各種生肖魚蟲，人物花鳥也盡現(xiàn)于鈕的設(shè)計(jì)中，在這種形式下，銅印章作為我國幾千年沿襲下來的印材，在與明末清初出現(xiàn)的石制印材競爭中，不僅沒有衰落，反而有大量銅印章精品面市，并流傳后世，據(jù)北京市印章前輩回憶，民國時(shí)期銅印章牢牢占據(jù)著北京市場的七、八成。有數(shù)家著名的銅印章作坊，齊聚了能工巧匠，集皇家工藝之精華，日夜煙火不熄，為北京印章市場提供了充足的貨源，小到學(xué)徒領(lǐng)薪的銅戳子，大到清室皇親國戚、文人墨客、收藏家掌上把玩的絕世精品。
Due to the extensive use of seals in the government and the people, and the diversification of printing materials, a wider space was created for the design and production of buttons. Therefore, in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the art of seals gained unprecedented prosperity. The design of printing buttons also broke through the above-mentioned button system, and all kinds of Chinese zodiac fish and insects, figures, flowers and birds also appeared in the design of buttons. In this form, copper seals, as printing materials inherited from China for thousands of years, not only did not decline in the competition with stone printing materials appearing in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, but a large number of fine copper seals were on the market and passed down to later generations. According to the memories of Beijing seal predecessors, copper seals firmly occupied 70% and 80% of Beijing market during the Republic of China. There are several famous copper seal workshops, which gather skilled craftsmen and collect the essence of royal craftsmanship. The fireworks don't go out day and night, providing sufficient supply for the Beijing seal market, ranging from the copper stamp for apprentices to the peerless fine products played by royalty, literati and collectors.
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