粉彩是景德鎮(zhèn)御窯廠的陶工在琺瑯彩的啟發(fā)和影響下，引進(jìn)銅胎琺瑯不透明的白色彩料(玻璃白)，并借鑒琺瑯彩多色階的配置技法創(chuàng)燒的一種釉上彩新品種。粉彩的燒造過程相當(dāng)復(fù)雜，需在預(yù)先燒制好的白瓷上經(jīng)過設(shè)計畫樣、勾線、配色、研色、打底、填色、洗染、燒制等多道工序才能完成，粉彩二次入窯的燒成溫度一般在750℃左右。由于粉彩明艷照人，備受收藏者喜愛，特別在南方市場中得到更多收藏者的追捧。近年瓷器市場的大幅上漲中，最先啟動的就是粉彩板塊和青花板塊，至今也是瓷器市場中最受追捧的兩大類瓷器。
Pastel is a new kind of overglaze color created and burned by the potters of Jingdezhen Royal Kiln Factory under the inspiration and influence of enamel color, introducing the opaque white color material (glass white) of copper enamel, and drawing lessons from the configuration technique of enamel color with multiple color scales. The firing process of pastel is quite complicated, which can be completed only by designing samples, drawing lines, matching colors, developing colors, priming, filling colors, washing and dyeing, firing, etc. The firing temperature of pastel in the kiln is generally about 750℃. Because pastel is bright and beautiful, it is loved by collectors, especially in the southern market. In recent years, with the sharp rise of porcelain market, the pastel plate and blue-and-white plate started first, and they are also the two most sought-after types of porcelain in the porcelain market.
粉彩瓷創(chuàng)燒于康熙中晚期，當(dāng)時精品很少。雍正時期，粉彩瓷在造型、繪畫技法及裝飾圖案等方面已趨于成熟。乾隆帝統(tǒng)治清王朝長達(dá)60年，將“康乾盛世”的繁華局面推向了極致。景德鎮(zhèn)的制瓷業(yè)亦盛極一時，集歷代之大成者于一身。據(jù)《清檔》記載，乾隆皇帝對瓷器有著特殊偏好，對粉彩瓷更是情有獨(dú)鐘，經(jīng)常直接關(guān)注粉彩瓷的燒制。例如：制作前須呈送畫樣或木樣，待皇帝親自審核后才能送景德鎮(zhèn)御窯廠燒制;有些器物的用途、造型、紋飾、款識以及配合紋飾的詩句等都須經(jīng)過乾隆皇帝的審批;瓷器如果燒制不好，還要賠償甚至受到嚴(yán)懲，如乾隆十三年(1748年)乾隆下旨：“唐英呈進(jìn)瓷器仍系舊樣，為何不照所發(fā)新樣燒造進(jìn)呈，將這次呈進(jìn)瓷器錢糧不準(zhǔn)報銷，著依賠償。”這種大背景下，粉彩瓷達(dá)到了其發(fā)展的頂峰。
Pastel porcelain was first burned in the middle and late Kangxi period, when there were few fine products. During the Yongzheng period, pastel porcelain matured in modeling, painting techniques and decorative patterns. Emperor Qianlong ruled the Qing Dynasty for 60 years, pushing the prosperous situation of "Kang Gan Sheng Shi" to the extreme. Jingdezhen's porcelain making industry also flourished for a while, integrating all the great achievements of the past dynasties. According to the records in Qingdang, Emperor Qianlong had a special preference for porcelain, especially for pastel porcelain, and often paid direct attention to the firing of pastel porcelain. For example, painting samples or wood samples must be presented before production, and can only be sent to Jingdezhen imperial kiln factory for firing after being personally examined by the emperor; The use, shape, ornamentation, style and verses with ornamentation of some artifacts must be approved by Emperor Qianlong. If the porcelain is not fired well, it will be compensated or even severely punished. For example, in the thirteenth year of Qianlong (1748), Qianlong's decree: "Tang Ying's porcelain is still an old sample, why not burn it according to the new sample, and this time it will be presented. The money and food in porcelain are not allowed to be reimbursed, and compensation depends on it." Under this background, pastel porcelain reached the peak of its development.
乾隆時期粉彩瓷器在裝飾方面有獨(dú)特表現(xiàn)技法。首先，從色地上看，除傳統(tǒng)白地彩繪外，出現(xiàn)了十余種各色地粉彩。其次，在用料上，除粉彩外，還加用其他彩料，如青花和黑彩等;或與五彩、金彩、斗彩并施繪于一器之上。值的一提的是，粉彩瓷器出現(xiàn)之前，瓷器上的彩繪裝飾均以平涂為主，雖然題材多樣，但畫面層次感差，畫意表現(xiàn)頗受局限。粉彩成功借鑒瓷胎畫琺瑯的畫法，在傳統(tǒng)瓷繪彩料中摻入一種名為“玻璃白”的白色顏料，稱為粉化，粉化后的彩料同一色調(diào)可以形成濃淡、強(qiáng)弱的不同色階，使畫面色調(diào)更加豐富，瓷器藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)力更強(qiáng)。在制作時采用了琺瑯彩制作工藝中采用的軋道工藝和錦上添花技法。即在色地上用一種針形工具劃出鳳尾、卷草、卍字等紋飾(俗稱“軋道”)，再在這些紋飾上做繪畫紋飾，清宮內(nèi)務(wù)府記事檔中稱其為“錦上添花”。這種工藝在晚清時的一些粉彩器上偶有運(yùn)用，但精細(xì)程度遠(yuǎn)非乾隆粉彩所比。
In Qianlong period, pastel porcelain had unique performance techniques in decoration. First of all, from the color point of view, in addition to the traditional white painting, there are more than ten kinds of pastels of various colors. Secondly, in terms of materials, in addition to pastel, other color materials, such as blue and white and black color, are also used; Or painted on the same device together with multicolored, golden and bucket colors. It is worth mentioning that before the appearance of pastel porcelain, the painting decoration on porcelain was mainly flat painting. Although the subject matter was diverse, the picture had poor layering and the painting performance was quite limited. Pastel successfully draws lessons from the painting method of porcelain enamel, and mixes a kind of white pigment called "glass white" into the traditional porcelain painting color material, which is called pulverization. The same color tone of the pulverized color material can form different color levels of shade, strength and weakness, which makes the color tone of the picture richer and the artistic expression of porcelain stronger. In the production, the rolling process and icing on the cake technique used in the enamel color production process are adopted. That is to say, a needle-shaped tool is used to draw the ornamentation such as phoenix tail, rolling grass and swastika (commonly known as "rolling road") on the colored ground, and then painting ornamentation is done on these ornamentation, which is called "icing on the cake" in the chronicle file of the Qing Palace Office. This technique was occasionally used in some pastels in the late Qing Dynasty, but its fineness was far from that of Qianlong pastels.
乾隆朝還經(jīng)常使用“開光”技法裝飾粉彩瓷，開光內(nèi)的圖案按照不同的節(jié)氣和時令有嚴(yán)格規(guī)定，必須按照“大內(nèi)”送來的圖樣和皇帝的旨意設(shè)計，不能隨便改動。如在乾隆八年(1743年)十二月初九日，太監(jiān)傳旨，燒造“年節(jié)用三羊開泰、上元節(jié)用五谷豐登、端午節(jié)用艾葉靈符、七夕節(jié)用鵲橋仙渡、萬壽節(jié)用萬壽無疆、中秋節(jié)用丹桂飄香、九月九用重陽菊花之類、尋常賞花用萬花獻(xiàn)瑞，俱按時令花樣燒造。”乾隆粉彩瓷的裝飾圖案極盡艷麗繁縟，裝飾題材十分廣泛，包括植物紋、動物紋、人物故事圖案、嬰戲圖案、山水、詩詞、歌賦等應(yīng)有盡有，以表現(xiàn)吉祥喻意，形成了乾隆粉彩瓷有圖必有意，有意必吉祥的特色。
In Qianlong Dynasty, pastel porcelain was often decorated with the technique of "opening the light". The patterns in opening the light were strictly regulated according to different solar terms and seasons, and must be designed according to the patterns sent by "Da Nei" and the emperor's will, and could not be changed casually. For example, in the eighth year of Qianlong (1743), on the ninth day of December, the eunuch issued a decree to burn "Three sheep to open Tai in the New Year's Day, five grains to harvest in the Last Yuan Festival, Ai Ye Lingfu in the Dragon Boat Festival, Queqiao Xiandu in the Qixi Festival, Longevity in the Wanshou Festival, osmanthus fragrance in the Mid-Autumn Festival, Chongyang Chrysanthemum in September, etc., and flowers for ordinary appreciation." The decorative patterns of Ganlong pastel porcelain are extremely gorgeous and colorful, with a wide range of decorative themes, including plant patterns, animal patterns, character story patterns, baby play patterns, landscapes, poems and songs, etc., in order to express auspicious metaphor, forming the characteristics of Ganlong pastel porcelain.
此對粉彩嬰戲紋瓶，撇口，束頸，雙耳，溜肩，垂腹，圈足。形制優(yōu)美，胎堅質(zhì)白，腹部繪粉彩飾嬰戲紋，孩子童俏皮躍然于瓶身，頸部整器紋飾華麗，繪工精準(zhǔn)，孩童頑皮神態(tài)撲捉到位，青花發(fā)色艷麗純正，粉彩艷麗，釉水溫潤，胎質(zhì)細(xì)膩白凈，是一件具有很高藝術(shù)價值的收藏品。
This pair of pastel baby play bottles, with lip skimming, neck binding, ears, shoulders slipping, belly hanging and feet circling. Beautiful shape, firm and white fetus, pastel painted on the abdomen to decorate the baby's play pattern, playful children springing up in the bottle, gorgeous neck decoration, precise painting, children's naughty manner catching in place, bright and pure blue and white hair color, gorgeous pastel, warm glaze, delicate and white fetus, which is a collection with high artistic value.
此件藏品現(xiàn)在展賣于藝品在線商城平臺中，據(jù)持寶人介紹說，這件瓷器是祖上傳下來的。曾讓專家老師鑒定過，絕世精品。在本公司得知其有這件罕見珍品，特邀其持這件瓷器參加，現(xiàn)持寶人因資金周轉(zhuǎn)困難原因。忍痛割愛愿將此件瓷器委托本公司代其通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)媒體進(jìn)行尋找買家。如對此藏品有興趣收藏者，可撥打企業(yè)聯(lián)系電話：400 686 3616進(jìn)行洽談。
This collection is now displayed and sold on the platform of the online art mall. According to the treasure holder, this porcelain was handed down from the ancestors. It has been appraised by experts and teachers, and it is a peerless boutique. When our company learned that it has this rare treasure, we invited it to hold this porcelain to participate. The current holder of the treasure has difficulty in capital turnover. I am willing to entrust this porcelain to our company to find buyers through online media. If you are interested in collecting this collection, you can call the company's telephone number: 400 686 3616 for negotiation.
