青花釉里紅瓷，俗稱“青花加紫”或“釉里紅”，始于元代，流行于明初。是釉下彩瓷的一種，在青花間用銅紅加繪紋飾，然后施透明釉經(jīng)過(guò)高溫還原氣氛燒成，在釉里透出紅色的紋樣，以色彩絢美著稱。
Blue and white underglaze red porcelain, commonly known as "blue and white plus purple" or "underglaze red", began in the Yuan Dynasty and was popular in the early Ming Dynasty. It is a kind of underglaze color porcelain. It is decorated with copper red between blue and white, and then transparent glaze is applied. It is fired in a high temperature reducing atmosphere. The red pattern is shown in the glaze, which is famous for its gorgeous color.
其特點(diǎn)既有青花的“幽靚雅到致，沉靜安定”的特色，又增添了釉里紅的渾厚壯麗，豐富了色彩效果，形成了高雅而又樸實(shí)的藝術(shù)風(fēng)格。因此，青花釉里紅瓷是我國(guó)珍貴的品種之一。
The characteristics of blue and white not only have the characteristics of "elegant and elegant, quiet and stable" of blue and white, but also add the vigorous and magnificent underglaze red, enrich the color effect, and form an elegant and simple artistic style. Therefore, blue and white underglaze red porcelain is one of the precious varieties in China.
在明朝，釉里紅瓷得到了極大的發(fā)展，銅紅料的使用及釉里紅器的燒制技術(shù)都已經(jīng)成熟，從原料萃取、制作成型、繪畫(huà)裝飾到燒制工藝都有了突破，釉里紅線繪裝飾也多了起來(lái)。
In the Ming Dynasty, underglaze red porcelain has been greatly developed. The use of copper red materials and the firing technology of underglaze red ware have been mature. Breakthroughs have been made in the extraction of raw materials, production and molding, painting and decoration, and firing technology. The line painting decoration of underglaze red has also increased.
從實(shí)物遺存量上比較，甚至比青花瓷還多。明代早期的制品多呈黑紅，不夠鮮艷，甚至有些燒成了“釉里黑”也未被打碎埋掉。即便如此，此類品種貫穿明朝始終，堅(jiān)持不懈。中、晚期多呈較純正紅色。風(fēng)格古樸、厚重，器型碩大，紋飾豐滿，氣勢(shì)奪人，充分展示了明朝開(kāi)國(guó)之君的胸懷與氣度。
Compared with the amount of relics, it is even more than blue and white porcelain. In the early Ming Dynasty, most of the products were black and red, which were not bright enough. Even some of the products were "underglaze black" and were not broken and buried. Even so, such varieties throughout the Ming Dynasty, unremitting. In the middle and late stage, it is mostly pure red. The style is simple and heavy, the shape of the utensil is huge, the decoration is plump, and the momentum is impressive, which fully shows the mind and bearing of the founder of the Ming Dynasty.
觀此明代青花釉里茶壺，高19.2公分，口徑5.6公分，底徑6.6公分，釉質(zhì)肥厚、滋潤(rùn)、釉色發(fā)青白。器型高大莊重，壺口微微外撇，鼓腹?jié)u收，美觀大方。瓶口以葉子紋裝飾，瓶身上方為釉里紅鏤空雕花卉，全器造型古樸規(guī)整，胎地細(xì)致潔白，青花色澤明快，淡雅細(xì)膩，釉里紅牡丹花卉色澤艷麗，高雅，整體構(gòu)圖疏朗有致，繪工嫻熟，線條流暢而穩(wěn)重，紋飾優(yōu)雅而不失靈動(dòng)，觀賞價(jià)值極高。
The teapot is 19.2 cm in height, 5.6 cm in diameter and 6.6 cm in bottom diameter. Its glaze is thick, moist and bluish white. The shape is tall and solemn, the mouth of the pot is slightly turned out, and the drum belly is gradually closed, which is beautiful and generous. The mouth of the bottle is decorated with leaf patterns. The top of the bottle is decorated with underglaze red hollowed out flowers. The shape of the whole vase is simple and regular. The ground is delicate and white. The blue and white flowers are bright and elegant. The overall composition is sparse and elegant. The painting is skilled, the lines are smooth and steady, and the decorative patterns are elegant and flexible. The ornamental value is very high.
瓷器燒造時(shí)需要一種環(huán)境，專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)叫“氣氛”，瓷器都是在某種氣氛中燒成的。一般來(lái)說(shuō)氣氛就是兩種：一種是氧化，一種是還原。簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)，就是爐子開(kāi)著火門(mén)，有充分的氧氣進(jìn)去，就叫氧化氣氛。而關(guān)著窯門(mén)，悶著火，就稱為還原氣氛。釉里紅就是悶著火燒出來(lái)的。悶著火燒是一項(xiàng)考驗(yàn)技術(shù)的活，溫度一低，顏色就會(huì)變黑，燒出來(lái)的瓷器就不好看。溫度高了，顏色就飛了，沒(méi)了。古代不像現(xiàn)在，有電子程序調(diào)控這種設(shè)備幫忙調(diào)控溫度，所以釉里紅是只有豐富工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的老窯工才能看出來(lái)的，從這點(diǎn)就能看出釉里紅瓷器的珍貴程度。
When porcelain is fired, it needs an environment, which is called "atmosphere". Porcelain is fired in a certain atmosphere. Generally speaking, there are two kinds of atmosphere: one is oxidation, the other is reduction. In short, the furnace is open fire door, there is sufficient oxygen in, called oxidation atmosphere. When the kiln door is closed and the fire is stuffy, it is called reducing atmosphere. Underglaze red is a smoldering fire. A stuffy fire is a test of technology. When the temperature is low, the color will turn black, and the porcelain will not look good. When the temperature is high, the color will fly, no more. In ancient times, unlike today, there was an electronic program to control the temperature, so only experienced old killers could see the underglaze red. From this point, we can see the value of underglaze red porcelain.
中國(guó)是世界上的陶瓷古國(guó)，早在八千年前的新石器時(shí)代，我們的祖先就已經(jīng)制造和使用了陶器，瓷器則更是我們中國(guó)的發(fā)明，對(duì)人類文明的發(fā)展有著十分重要的意義。雖然青花釉里紅制作極其困難，但是其成品極為美觀，各代皇帝更是愛(ài)不釋手。
China is an ancient country of ceramics in the world. As early as 8000 years ago in the Neolithic age, our ancestors had already made and used pottery. Porcelain is an invention of China, which is of great significance to the development of human civilization. Although the blue and white underglaze red is extremely difficult to make, the finished product is extremely beautiful, and the emperors of various dynasties are even more fond of it.
青花釉里紅瓷器，不僅在工藝上體現(xiàn)它的名貴與成就，而且具有豐富的文化內(nèi)涵，加上其稀少的特點(diǎn)，一件保存完好，品相極佳的青花釉里紅瓷器，是各收藏家所夢(mèng)寐以求，炙手可熱的珍貴藏品，具有極高的收藏觀賞價(jià)值。
The blue and white underglaze red porcelain not only reflects its rarity and achievement in craft, but also has rich cultural connotation. In addition, it has its rare characteristics. A well preserved blue and white underglaze red porcelain with excellent appearance is a precious collection that all collectors dream of and has a very high collection value.
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