五千年中華文明史里，想選出一個(gè)最強(qiáng)的朝代，可能眾說(shuō)紛紜，漢、唐、明、清，各有各的威武與富足。若想選出一個(gè)最美的朝代，答案就很簡(jiǎn)單——宋代。那是一個(gè)屬于藝術(shù)的時(shí)代。宋代詩(shī)詞，把中國(guó)古代漢語(yǔ)的美發(fā)展到極致；宋代書(shū)畫(huà)，代表了中國(guó)文人的最高審美；而宋代的瓷器，則是中國(guó)古代陶瓷藝術(shù)的巔峰。
In the 5,000-year history of Chinese civilization, there may be different opinions about choosing the strongest dynasty. Han, Tang, Ming and Qing dynasties each have their own power and wealth. If you want to choose the most beautiful dynasty, the answer is very simple-Song Dynasty. It was an era of art. Song poetry developed the beauty of ancient Chinese to the extreme; Song Dynasty paintings and calligraphy represent the highest aesthetics of Chinese literati. The porcelain of Song Dynasty is the peak of ancient Chinese ceramic art.
宋代哥窯是宋代五大名窯之一，歷來(lái)受到收藏家、鑒賞家、考古學(xué)家等專家學(xué)者的重視和關(guān)注。學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)哥窯的研究從未間斷且方興未艾。然而，迄今只找到不完全確切窯址，為杭州老虎洞和浙江龍泉兩地。
Ge Kiln in Song Dynasty is one of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty, which has always been valued and concerned by collectors, connoisseurs, archaeologists and other experts and scholars. The academic research on Ge Kiln has never stopped and is in the ascendant. However, up to now, only incomplete exact kiln sites have been found, namely Laohudong in Hangzhou and Longquan in Zhejiang.
明代《宣德鼎彝譜》載：“宣德三年，內(nèi)府收藏柴、汝、官、哥、鈞、定各窯器皿……”由于柴窯被傳為五代所燒，故后世只列五大名窯，即汝、官、哥、鈞、定。 但哥窯至今窯址尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)。哥窯一直是考古學(xué)家、古陶瓷學(xué)家和收藏家重視、關(guān)注和研究的熱門(mén)話題。哥窯瓷器非常珍貴，傳世稀少，據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)全世界僅有一百余件，比元青花數(shù)量還少。
Ming Dynasty's "Xuande Dingyi Spectrum" records: "In the three years of Xuande, the inner government collected firewood, Ru, Guan, Ge, Jun and Ding ..." Since firewood kiln was passed down to be burned in the Five Dynasties, only five famous kilns were listed in later generations, namely Ru, Guan, Ge, Jun and Ding. But the site of Ge Kiln has not been found yet. Ge Kiln has always been a hot topic for archaeologists, ancient ceramists and collectors. Geyao porcelain is very precious and rare. According to statistics, there are only over 100 pieces in the world, which is less than the number of blue and white flowers in Yuan Dynasty.
此藏品為宋哥窯三足鼎，直徑13.5cm 高11cm，三獸首足,滿釉裹足支燒。布滿縱橫交錯(cuò)、深淺不一的開(kāi)片紋，紋路清晰。釉質(zhì)純厚，不甚瑩澈。釉內(nèi)多有氣泡，如珠隱現(xiàn)，故通稱“聚沫攢珠”。釉面密布交織如網(wǎng)的“金絲鐵線”開(kāi)片紋，使素凈的釉面富于韻律美。外底有5個(gè)圓形支釘痕。盤(pán)內(nèi)外釉點(diǎn)明顯，是氣泡破裂所致，為傳世哥窯的典型器物。
This collection is Song Ge Kiln Tripod, with a diameter of 13.5cm and a height of 11cm. The first foot of three animals is covered with glaze and burned with feet. It is full of criss-crossing patterns with different shades, with clear lines. Enamel is pure and thick, but not very clear. There are many bubbles in glaze, such as beads looming, so it is called "gathering foam and saving beads". The glazed surface is densely interwoven with the "golden thread and iron thread", which makes the plain glazed surface full of rhythmic beauty. There are 5 round Zhi Ding marks on the outsole. Glaze spots inside and outside the plate are obvious, which is caused by bubble rupture. It is a typical utensil of Ge Kiln handed down from ancient times.
傳世哥窯以仿三代銅器造型為主，常見(jiàn)的有膽式瓶、貫耳長(zhǎng)頸瓶、弦紋瓶、八方貫耳瓶、葵花口盤(pán)、葵花口洗、雙魚(yú)耳爐、三足爐、菊瓣口盤(pán)和圓口碗、盤(pán)等。傳世哥窯胎體較厚，胎質(zhì)細(xì)膩，胎呈黑、深灰、淺灰、土黃等色。釉色有灰青、月白、深灰、青黃和米黃。釉質(zhì)肥潤(rùn)，有油酥光和縮釉小坑。釉面開(kāi)裂有不規(guī)則的細(xì)碎紋片，紋片呈黑、黃二色，淺黃色的為“金絲”，深黑色的為“鐵線”，俗稱“金絲鐵線”。天津博物館藏宋哥窯盤(pán)上述特征明顯，是傳世哥窯的典型器物。
Ge Kiln handed down from ancient times mainly imitates three generations of bronzes, and common ones are gall bottle, long neck bottle, string bottle, Bafangguan bottle, sunflower mouth plate, sunflower mouth wash, Pisces ear furnace, three-legged furnace, chrysanthemum mouth plate, round mouth bowl and plate, etc. Handed down from ancient times, Ge Kiln has a thick carcass with delicate fetal quality, which is black, dark gray, light gray and khaki. Glaze colors are gray-green, moon-white, dark gray, cyan and beige. Enamel is fat, with crisp light and small pits of shrinkage glaze. There are irregular fine grain pieces when the glaze cracks. The grain pieces are black and yellow, with light yellow as "gold thread" and dark black as "iron thread", commonly known as "gold thread". The Song Ge Kiln Plates in Tianjin Museum have obvious characteristics above, and are typical artifacts handed down from ancient times.
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