犀牛角
犀牛角,即犀角,為犀科動物白犀牛、黑犀牛、印度犀牛、爪哇犀牛、蘇門答臘犀牛等的角。根據種類的不同,長角的數量也不同。非洲的白犀牛和黑犀牛都有兩只角,而亞洲只有蘇門答拉犀牛有兩只角,其余的兩個品種都只有一只角。犀牛角從皮膚中長出來,質地很硬,每年可以長7.6厘米。
Rhinoceros horn, namely rhinoceros horn, is the horn of white rhinoceros, black rhinoceros, Indian rhinoceros, Java rhinoceros, Sumatran rhinoceros, etc. The number of long horns varies according to the species. White and black rhinos in Africa have two horns, while sumentala rhinoceros in Asia only have two horns. The other two species have only one horn. Rhinoceros horn grows out of the skin and is very hard. It can grow 7.6 cm per year.
1993年,中國政府頒布禁令,禁止使用犀牛角。中國境內現在雖然已經沒有了野生的犀牛(中國的最后一只犀牛于1922年因人類獵殺滅絕),因此沒有犀牛種類被列為國家級保護動物。但是作為《國際野生貿易公約》的成員國之一,中國始終支持禁止任何犀牛制品交易的禁令。
In 1993, the Chinese government banned the use of rhinoceros horns. Although there are no wild rhinoceros in China (the last rhinoceros in China was killed and killed by human beings in 1922), no rhinoceros species are listed as national protected animals. However, as a member of the international wildlife trade convention, China has always supported a ban on any trade in rhinoceros products.
犀角由表皮角質形成,內無骨心。犀角的主要成分為角蛋白(Keratin)、膽固醇、磷酸鈣、碳酸鈣等.還含有其他蛋白質、肽類、游離氨基酸、胍衍生物(Guanidine derivatives)、甾醇類等。
Rhinoceros horn is formed by cuticle without bone heart. The main components of rhinoceros horn are keratin, cholesterol, calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, etc.
角呈圓錐形,自底部向上漸細,稍彎曲,長短不等,大者長達30厘米。表面為烏 黑色,下部色漸淺,呈灰褐色。底部周邊有馬牙狀鋸齒,稱"馬牙邊",高約3厘米,表面 凹凸不平。"馬牙邊"向上之中部有縱紋及去凈的堅硬直刺,習稱"剛毛",有時并有裂紋 ;中部向上漸光滑,角尖端鈍圓發亮,并可見鬃眼狀圓點。角前面有一縱長凹溝,溝長約9 ~15 厘米,深約3厘米,習稱"天溝",其下相對的底盤上有一突出的高崗,崗長約6~7厘 米,高2~4厘米,習稱"地崗"。底盤較大,長圓形,前窄后寬,形如龜背,長13~20厘米 ,寬11~14厘米,灰黑色或黑棕色,向外逐漸變淺,呈灰棕色或灰黃色,底面凹入3~6厘米 ,習稱"窩子",并布滿鬃眼狀圓點,習稱"沙底"。角質堅硬,但從縱面劈開,均系順絲 ,無絞絲。鎊片呈灰白色,有芝麻花點或短線紡。氣微清香而不腥,味微咸。以色烏黑光亮 、完整無裂紋、沙底色灰黑、鬃眼大、氣清香者為佳。底盤色灰黑、特征不完全或不明顯者 質較次。
The angle is conical, tapering from the bottom to the top, slightly curved, varying in length, with the largest as long as 30 cm. The surface is black, and the lower part is grayish brown. There are horse teeth around the bottom, called "horse teeth side", about 3 cm high, with uneven surface. There are longitudinal lines and hard straight spines, commonly known as "setae", sometimes with cracks; the middle part is gradually smooth upward, the corner tip is blunt and shiny, and bristle eye like dots can be seen. There is a longitudinal concave groove in front of the corner, which is about 9-15 cm long and 3 cm deep. It is commonly known as "Tiangou". There is a protruding high hill on the chassis under it, which is about 6-7 cm long and 2-4 cm high, which is commonly called "Digang". The chassis is large, oblong, narrow at the front and wide at the back. It is shaped like a turtle's back. It is 13-20 cm long and 11-14 cm wide. It is grayish black or black brown, and gradually becomes light outwards. It is grayish brown or grayish yellow. The bottom surface is concave by 3-6cm. It is commonly called "Wozi", and is covered with bristle eye like dots, which is also known as "sand bottom". The cuticle is hard, but splits from the longitudinal plane, all are smooth silk, no stranded silk. Pound piece is grayish white, with sesame dots or short thread spinning. The air is slightly fragrant but not fishy, and the taste is slightly salty. It is better to have black and bright color, complete and crack free, gray black sand background, large mane eyes and fragrant air. The chassis with grey black color and incomplete or indistinct features is inferior in quality.
犀角除上述品種外,作犀角使用者,尚有下列二種:
① 廣角:亦稱兕角、柱角或天馬角,為非洲產黑犀Rhinoceros nicornis L.或白犀R.simus Burchell的角。角形長,長可達60厘米左右,自底部向上漸細,中部較圓,上部稍彎,尖端細而稍扁。上部灰黑色,下部灰黃色 ,商品多漆成光亮的烏黑色。底盤圓形,窩子較淺,無天溝地崗及馬牙邊,有腥氣。亦有鋸 成規則小塊者,稱為"廣角瓣"。
② 小犀角:亦稱"蘑菇頭",為犀牛頂上的小角。長3~ 13厘米,色烏黑光亮,下半部色 較淺,多有裂紋,頂端圓形似小饅首。底盤圓形,直徑3~ 9厘米,"窩子"淺,"沙底"較 細。縱剖面絲絞粗,顯順紋,無絞絲,多灰黑色。鎊片多變曲。味稍濁。
In addition to the above varieties, there are two kinds of rhinoceros horn users as follows:
① Wide angle: also known as the horn of rhinoceros nicornis L. or R. simus Burchell of Africa. Angular long, up to 60 cm long, from the bottom to the top gradually thin, the middle is more round, the upper part is slightly curved, the tip is thin and slightly flat. The upper part is grayish black, and the lower part is grayish yellow. Most commodities are painted bright black. The chassis is round, the nest is shallow, and there is no gutter, hillock and horse tooth edge, with fishy smell. There are also regular small sawn pieces, known as the "wide-angle valve.".
② Small rhinoceros horn: also known as "mushroom head", it is the small horn on the top of rhinoceros. It is 3-13cm long, dark and bright. The lower part is lighter, with cracks. The top is round like a small steamed bun. The chassis is round, with a diameter of 3-9 cm. The "nest" is shallow and the sand bottom is thin. The longitudinal section of the wire is twisted thick, showing parallel grain, without stranded wire, mostly gray and black. Pound piece changeable song. The taste is slightly cloudy.
此犀牛角是梁先生收藏的珍品,此犀牛角是最珍貴的牙角,自古以來犀角被作為辟邪稀罕的靈物而寶之,而且被認為具有解毒解熱,之藥用。而明代開始興起的利用犀角底部凹腔雕成的犀角杯是牙角類古玩中的頂級精品,其在國外國內藝術品的拍賣會中長盛不衰。
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