古往今來，造幣都是一件國家的大事。中國古代的鑄錢模具基本都是用過即毀，所以很難見到完整的鑄幣模具保存至今。
Coin making has been a national event through the ages. In ancient China, the minting moulds were basically used and destroyed, so it is difficult to see the complete minting moulds preserved till now.
【藏品名稱】：西周年間大泉五十錢范
[Name of Collection]: 50 Yuan Fan from Daquan during the Western Anniversary
范，一般與模相連用，即模范，初意是指古代鑄造銅器和鐵器時所使用的主要造型工具。錢范是古代鑄造金屬貨幣的模子，一般稱為錢模。漢代王充《論衡·物勢》中講 “埏植作器，必模范為形”，才能鑄作器物。
Fan, commonly used in conjunction with a mold, is a model. Its initial meaning refers to the main modeling tools used in ancient bronze and iron casting. Qian Fan is an ancient mold for casting metal money, commonly known as Qian Mo. In Han Dynasty Wang Chong's "Lun Heng Wu Shi", he said that only when you plant a utensil, can you make it into a utensil.
中國是最早實(shí)行金屬鑄幣的國家之一，現(xiàn)有的考古資料證實(shí)，至遲在春秋中晚期已開始正式鑄造錢幣，鑄錢工藝遠(yuǎn)在2000多年前的秦漢時期即日趨成熟，先秦時已有范鑄，采用“分流直鑄”法，故錢多為上下鑄口。秦末以后，改用“直流分鑄”工藝，銅范、石范兼用。至漢武帝鐘官鑄錢，為求錢型統(tǒng)一，鑄餞由“祖范、母范、子范”逐次翻鑄。中國鑄幣工藝，最遲到漢武帝時的上林三官五銖錢，已經(jīng)成熟、定型。尤其是疊鑄法，西漢初已使用，直至東漢晚期依舊盛行。在中國 2500余年的鑄幣發(fā)展史中，錢幣鑄造大致經(jīng)歷了平板范豎式澆鑄、疊鑄、母錢翻砂鑄造三個階段。古代鑄錢工藝的演進(jìn)，為中國貨幣文化的發(fā)展奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
China was one of the first countries to implement metal coins. Existing archaeological data have confirmed that coins have been officially minted no later than the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period. The process of minting money has become increasingly mature as far back as more than 2,000 years ago in the Qin and Han Dynasties. There were model minting in the pre-Qin period, using the "split direct casting" method, so most of the money was cast from top to bottom. After the end of the Qin dynasty, the "direct current split casting" process was used instead, and both copper and stone models were used. By the time Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty Zhong Guan cast money, in order to unify the types of money, the cast-off pieces were successively cast by "ancestors, mothers and children". China's coinage technology, which was the most late for Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, has matured and finalized. In particular, the overlapping casting method was used in the early Western Han Dynasty and was still prevalent until the late Eastern Han Dynasty. In the 2500-year history of coin development in China, coin casting has roughly gone through three stages: flat plate vertical casting, overlapping casting and mother coin foundry. The evolution of the ancient money casting technology laid the foundation for the development of China's monetary culture.
而作為鑄錢工具的錢范，有陶范、石范和金屬范三種，它們并不是同時被使用的，而是經(jīng)歷了一個漫長的歷史發(fā)展過程。銅范又叫母范，是用銅雕刻成的范。較之泥范，是先進(jìn)的鑄造工具，因?yàn)樗朔四喾惰T造的“一次性”的缺陷，一套母范制成后可以反復(fù)使用，大大提高了工作效率。因此，對母范制作的技術(shù)性要求較強(qiáng)。母范的制作費(fèi)工需時，必須標(biāo)準(zhǔn)精細(xì)，以達(dá)到設(shè)計的造型要求，母范制成后，印制子范則任何工人都可操作，其成品規(guī)格劃一，文字精整，且可大量生產(chǎn)。
As a tool for casting money, there are three types of money models: pottery model, stone model and metal model. They are not used at the same time, but have gone through a long historical development process. Copper fan is also called mother fan, which is carved from copper. Compared with clay moulds, it is an advanced casting tool, because it overcomes the defect of "one-time" casting of clay moulds, and a set of mother moulds can be used repeatedly after being made, thus greatly improving the working efficiency. Therefore, the technical requirements for the production of the mother model are relatively strong. It takes time and labor to make the parent model, and it must be standard and precise to meet the design requirements. After the parent model is made, any worker can print the child model. The finished product has uniform specifications, finished text and can be produced in large quantities.
事實(shí)上，當(dāng)歷史進(jìn)入到南北朝晚期，由于出現(xiàn)了翻砂法的鑄錢工藝，幾乎再無錢范出土。這種鑄錢工藝在隋唐時期已被廣泛采用，直至清末。由于砂范用后就毀，無法保留，所以今天很難見到。清朝末年，從英國買進(jìn)制幣機(jī)器，開始采用機(jī)器鋼模壓鑄的“機(jī)制幣”，從此結(jié)束了中國幾千年來用范鑄錢的歷史。
As a matter of fact, when history entered the late Northern and Southern Dynasties, there was almost no money left to be unearthed due to the casting process of sand turning. This technique of casting money was widely used in Sui and Tang Dynasties until the end of Qing Dynasty. It is hard to see today because the sand is destroyed after use and cannot be retained. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, when buying coin making machines from Britain, they began to use machine-made coins die-cast with steel moulds, thus ending thousands of years of Chinese history of casting money with models.
錢幣是傳承人類文化的最好載體之一，其本身折射出來的歷史文化、藝術(shù)價值，值得人們?nèi)グl(fā)掘和解讀。
Coin is one of the best carriers to inherit human culture. Its historical, cultural and artistic values are worth exploring and interpreting.
近幾年大泉五十同類藏品拍賣記錄：
大泉五十---估價98.00到98.00
---拍賣日期：2018年6月27日
漢代大泉五十古錢幣---估價80.00到80.00
---拍賣日期：2017年11月29日
大泉五十餅錢---估價225.00到225.00
---拍賣日期：2018年5月23日
漢·大泉五十花錢---估價119.00到119.00
---拍賣日期：2018年6月27日
漢王莽“大泉五十”銅子范---估價35.00到50.00
---拍賣日期：2015年6月7日
王莽大泉五十雙星---估價74.00到74.00
---拍賣日期：2018年6月18日
西漢大泉五十---估價378.40到378.40
---拍賣日期：2018年1月26日
大泉五十---估價280.00到280.00
---拍賣日期：2017年5月28日
漢代大泉五十---估價1600.00到1600.00
---拍賣日期：2018年1月5日
西漢大泉五十---估價378.40到378.40
---拍賣日期：2018年1月26日
In recent years, the auction records of Daquan 50 similar Collections:
Daquan 50 - valued at 98000 to 980000 - auction date: June 27, 2018
Fifty ancient coins of Daquan in the Han Dynasty --- valued at 800000 to 800000 --- auction date: November 29, 2017
Daquan fifty cake money --- valued at 2250000-2250000 --- auction date: May 23, 2018
Han Daquan's fifty money - estimated at 1.19-1.19 million - auction date: June 27, 2018
Han Wangmang's "Daquan 50" copper fan -- estimated at 350000-500000 yuan -- auction date: June 7, 2015
Wang Mang, Daquan, 50 double stars --- valued at RMB 740000-740000 --- auction date: June 18, 2018
Daquan 50 in the Western Han Dynasty --- valued at 3.7840-3.784 million --- auction date: January 26, 2018
Daquan No.50 --- appraisal of RMB 2.8 million to 2.8 million --- auction date: May 28, 2017
Daquan 50 in the Han Dynasty --- valued at 16 million to 16 million --- auction date: January 5, 2018
Daquan 50 in the Western Han Dynasty --- valued at 3.7840-3.784 million --- auction date: January 26, 2018
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