青花瓷又稱白地青花瓷，常簡稱青花，中華陶瓷燒制工藝的珍品。是中國瓷器的主流品種之一，屬釉下彩瓷。它是用含氧化鈷的鈷礦為原料，在陶瓷坯體上描繪紋飾，再罩上一層透明釉，經高溫還原焰一次燒成。鈷料燒成后呈藍色，具有著色力強、發(fā)色鮮艷、燒成率高、呈色穩(wěn)定的特點。目前發(fā)現最早的青花瓷標本是唐代的;成熟的青花瓷器出現在元代;明代青花成為瓷器的主流;清康熙時發(fā)展到了頂峰。明清時期，還創(chuàng)燒了青花五彩、孔雀綠釉青花、豆青釉青花、青花紅彩、黃地青花、哥釉青花等品種。
Blue and white porcelain, also known as white ground blue and white porcelain, is often referred to as blue and white porcelain. It is a treasure of Chinese ceramic firing technology. It is one of the main varieties of Chinese porcelain and belongs to underglaze color porcelain. Cobalt ore containing cobalt oxide is used as a raw material, decorative patterns are depicted on a ceramic blank body, a layer of transparent glaze is covered, and the ceramic blank body is once fired by a high-temperature reducing flame. Cobalt is blue after firing, and has the characteristics of strong coloring power, bright color, high firing rate and stable color. At present, the earliest blue and white porcelain specimens found are from Tang Dynasty. Mature blue and white porcelain appeared in Yuan Dynasty. Blue and white porcelain became the mainstream of porcelain in Ming Dynasty. Kangxi reached its peak in the Qing Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, blue and white, peacock green, pea green, blue and white, blue and white red, yellow blue and white, blue and white, blue and white and other varieties of Ge glaze were also created and burned.
青花瓷具有非常高的欣賞和收藏價值，歷來受到全世界人民的喜愛，青花瓷的歷史價值非常高，起源于唐代。宋代青花瓷雖有生產，但仍屬于初級階段，發(fā)展緩慢，傳世器物很少。元代青花瓷趨向成熟，尤以江西景德鎮(zhèn)青花瓷最為精致，有一定數量的青花瓷器傳世.
Blue and white porcelain has a very high appreciation and collection value and has always been loved by people all over the world. Blue and white porcelain has a very high historical value and originated in the Tang Dynasty. Although blue-and-white porcelain was produced in Song Dynasty, it was still in the primary stage and developed slowly, with few artifacts handed down from ancient times. Blue and white porcelain in Yuan Dynasty tends to mature, especially Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain in Jiangxi Province is the most exquisite, with a certain number of blue and white porcelain handed down from ancient times.
元代的青花瓷器發(fā)展已比較成熟，青花料在當時分為進口和國產兩種，早期使用的色料來自海外，稱為“蘇麻離青”或“蘇渤泥青”，簡稱“蘇青”。元代青花瓷的胎體一般較為厚重，色彩鮮艷、構圖繁密，采用多層裝飾，花紋以龍鳳、魚藻、鴛鴦、荷鷺、纏枝花、山水、人物故事居多。內容豐富，筆法自由，生動傳神;畫面層次豐富，構圖飽滿，裝飾性極強。許多器物畫有八寶、蓮花、海馬和大云頭等紋飾，明顯受到喇嘛教藝術的影響。元青花造型優(yōu)美，古樸端莊。既有恢弘雄偉的大器，如大罐、大盤、大碗等;也有精細靈巧的小器，如胎體輕薄的高足碗、高足杯、匜、盤等。元青花線條蒼勁有力，平涂結合勾、皴、點、染，表現了與水墨畫相同的藝術效果，顯示出元代工匠高超的繪畫才能。
The blue and white porcelain ware of Yuan Dynasty was relatively mature. Blue and white materials were divided into imported and domestic ones at that time. The pigments used in the early period came from overseas and were called "Su Ma Li Qing" or "Su Bo Ni Qing" or "Su Qing" for short. The body of Yuan Dynasty blue and white porcelain is generally thick, with bright colors and dense composition. It is decorated with multiple layers. The patterns are mostly dragon and phoenix, fish and algae, mandarin duck, lotus heron, twining flower, landscape and character stories. Rich in content, free in brushwork, vivid and vivid; The picture is rich in layers, full in composition and highly decorative. Many implements are decorated with eight treasures, lotus flower, sea horse and big cloud head, which are obviously influenced by Lamaism. Blue and white porcelain of Yuan Dynasty is graceful in shape and simple and elegant. There are magnificent vessels, such as large pots, large plates, large bowls, etc. There are also delicate and smart gadgets, such as Gao Zuwan, Gao Zubei, Zhi, Pan, etc. with thin and light carcass. The blue-and-white lines of Yuan Dynasty are vigorous and vigorous. The combination of horizontal painting with hook, chapped, dotted and dyed shows the same artistic effect as ink painting, showing the superb painting skills of Yuan Dynasty craftsmen.
明代是青花瓷發(fā)展的高峰時期，無論是景德鎮(zhèn)官窯，還是各地民窯，都創(chuàng)作了許多精美的傳世佳作。這一時期的青花瓷，一直被視為是中國青花瓷的一種典范，為后世所追仿。特別是永樂、宣德和成化、嘉靖及萬歷年間官窯燒制的青花瓷，以其胎釉精細、青色濃艷、造型多樣、裝飾豐富而著稱于世。成化年間，青花瓷使用了一種新的青料，叫“平等青”，也叫“坡塘青”，這種青料產于江西瑞州。“平等青”發(fā)色穩(wěn)定，色澤淡雅、柔和，給人一種若隱若現、虛無縹緲的感覺。成化青花瓷，色澤淡雅，釉面肥潤、撫之有玉質感;胎質細膩純潔，白釉瑩潤嬰戲等。從嘉靖到萬歷，用于燒制青花瓷的色料是一種叫做“回青”的色料。所謂“回青”，也稱“回青”，與“蘇青”一樣來自阿拉伯地區(qū)。而萬歷年間的青花料則產自浙江，也由此名為“浙料”。
Ming Dynasty was the peak period for the development of blue and white porcelain. Both Jingdezhen official kilns and local folk kilns created many exquisite masterpieces handed down from ancient times. Blue and white porcelain of this period has always been regarded as a model of Chinese blue and white porcelain and has been imitated by later generations. In particular, blue and white porcelain fired in official kilns during Yongle, Xuande and Chenghua, Jiajing and Wanli years is famous for its fine glaze, rich cyan color, various shapes and rich decorations. During the Chenghua period, blue and white porcelain used a new green material called "Ping Dengqing" or "Potang Green", which was produced in Ruizhou, Jiangxi Province. "Ping Dengqing" has stable hair color, elegant and soft color, giving people a subtle and illusory feeling. Chenghua blue-and-white porcelain is elegant in color and luster, and its glaze is plump and smooth with jade texture. The quality of the fetus is exquisite and pure, and the white glaze is jade-like and moistens the baby's play. From Jiajing to Wanli, the pigment used to make blue and white porcelain was a pigment called "Huiqing". The so-called "Huiqing", also known as "Huiqing", comes from the Arab region like "Su Qing". The blue-and-white materials from Wanli period were produced in Zhejiang, hence the name "Zhejiang Materials".
清代，康熙、雍正、乾隆三代皇帝對瓷器的生產工藝、胎釉質地、畫面裝飾都十分關注，甚至到了事必躬親的地步，使清代青花瓷的制作技藝水平達到一個新的高度。民窯青花在紋飾方面，顯得更加生動活潑，形式多樣，充滿生活氣息。出現了許多歷史題材和戲曲故事畫，如歲寒三友、米芾拜石、《西廂記》《三國演義》等。在瓷坯上繪畫，一種顏色能表現出濃淡深淺多種層次，與中國畫“墨分五色”一樣，有“料分五色”之說。官窯青花，器物大小要求適度，畫面效果重視神韻，造型變化講究韻律。民窯青花則不拘一格，運筆熟練剛健，畫風自然隨意，具有很強的民間風格。
In the Qing Dynasty, the three emperors Kangxi, Yongzheng and Ganlong paid close attention to the porcelain production technology, enamel floor and picture decoration. They even went so far as to be hands-on, bringing the level of blue and white porcelain production technology in the Qing Dynasty to a new level. Blue and white porcelain in folk kilns is more vivid and lively in decoration, with various forms and full of life flavor. There are many historical themes and drama story paintings, such as Three Friends of the Year Han, Mi Fei Baishi, Romance of the Western Chamber, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, etc. When painting on porcelain, one color can show many levels of shade and shade, just like "ink is divided into five colors" in Chinese painting, there is a saying of "material is divided into five colors". Blue and white ware in official kilns requires a moderate size, the picture effect attaches great importance to verve, and the shape changes pay attention to rhythm. On the other hand, the blue and white porcelain of the folk kiln is not restricted to one pattern, and its calligraphy is skilled and vigorous, and its style of painting is natural and casual. It has a strong folk style.
此件“康熙年制雙足底青花大盤”， 大清康熙青花大盤直徑為420毫米，實屬罕見，底款“大清康熙年制”。 盤心主題紋飾為人物故事圖。畫面人物比例得當，注重人物表情、性格的刻劃。輪廓、衣紋線條流暢，樹木、乃至人物衣飾有平涂。造型規(guī)整，胎質堅密，釉汁滋潤，圖案豐富，主次分明，青花色調淡雅。無論胎釉，還是發(fā)色畫工都充分體現了康熙時期的較高水準，具有很高的藝術性和觀賞性。
This piece of "Kangxi blue-and-white large plate with double soles" is rare, with a diameter of 420 mm. The bottom piece is "Kangxi blue-and-white large plate of Qing Dynasty". The decorative pattern of the plate core theme is the figure story. The proportion of the characters in the picture is appropriate, and the description of the characters' expressions and personalities is emphasized. The outline and lines of the clothes are smooth, and the trees and even the clothes of the figures are painted flat. The shape is regular, the placenta is firm and dense, the glaze is moist, the pattern is rich, the primary and secondary are clear, and the blue and white color tone is elegant. No matter the embryo glaze or the hair color painting, it fully reflects the high standard of Kangxi period and has high artistry and appreciation.
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