瓷器發(fā)展至清代，由于康、雍、乾三朝的“盛世”，政治安定，經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮，皇帝的重視，使得瓷器的發(fā)展有著非常卓越的成就。皇帝憑借自己的愛(ài)好，使得清初瓷器制作技術(shù)高超，并有創(chuàng)新的舉措。琺瑯彩瓷就是清代瓷器燒造的一個(gè)重要成就。
Porcelain developed to the Qing Dynasty. Due to the "prosperous times" of Kang, Yong and Gan dynasties, political stability, economic prosperity and the emperor's attention, the development of porcelain had very outstanding achievements. By virtue of his own hobbies, the emperor made porcelain of the early Qing dynasty highly skilled and took innovative measures. Enamel colored porcelain was an important achievement of Qing Dynasty porcelain firing.
康熙年間成立“內(nèi)務(wù)府造辦處”，聚集各地能工巧匠，專(zhuān)門(mén)為皇家制作各類(lèi)工藝品，內(nèi)務(wù)府造辦處初設(shè)在養(yǎng)心殿周?chē)筮w至武英殿北白虎殿后房，即明代仁智殿舊址。琺瑯瓷就是在這個(gè)時(shí)候“創(chuàng)新”出來(lái)的，是選用景德鎮(zhèn)珠山御窯白膩素胎，由宮廷畫(huà)師按要求繪制，再次入窯燒制而成。這些琺瑯彩器都是專(zhuān)作帝王賞玩，也有用作宗教、祭祀的供器之用。琺瑯彩瓷燒制極難，其在雍正年間燒制數(shù)量較多，后期逐漸減少，到清后期停滯。所以琺瑯彩瓷顯得比較珍貴，特別是康雍時(shí)期主要用于帝王賞玩，如果下賜重臣或外交互贈(zèng)時(shí)一般都有記錄存檔。
During Kangxi's reign, the "Office of Internal Affairs" was set up, gathering skilled craftsmen from all over the country to make various kinds of handicrafts for the royal family. The Office of Internal Affairs was initially set up around hall of mental cultivation and later moved to the rear room of the North White Tiger Hall in the Hall of Wu Ying, the former site of the Hall of Benevolence and Wisdom in the Ming Dynasty. Enamel porcelain was "innovated" at this time. It was made of white and greasy plain tyres from the Zhushan Imperial Kiln in Jingdezhen, drawn by court painters according to requirements, and fired again in the kiln. These enamels are specially designed for emperors to enjoy and play with, and are also used as religious and sacrificial offerings. It was extremely difficult to fire enamel colored porcelain. The number of enamel colored porcelain fired during Yongzheng period was large, and gradually decreased in the later period, and stagnated in the late Qing Dynasty. Therefore, enamel colored porcelain is more precious, especially during the Kang Yong period, it was mainly used for emperors to enjoy. If important officials were given or diplomatic gifts were exchanged, records were generally kept.
琺瑯彩是中國(guó)瓷器中的絕世名品，它的正式名稱(chēng)為“瓷胎畫(huà)琺瑯”，是由歐洲金屬胎琺瑯器發(fā)展而來(lái)。在眾多古代工藝中，琺瑯彩是唯一由皇室壟斷生產(chǎn)，并且僅供皇室使用的瓷器品種。自誕生之日起就一直被鎖在深宮大內(nèi)，常人無(wú)緣一睹真容，直到1914年，才第一次公開(kāi)展出。康熙、雍正、乾隆，祖孫三代皇帝對(duì)琺瑯彩瓷藝術(shù)不同尋常的喜愛(ài)和關(guān)注，是清代琺瑯彩取得輝煌成就的關(guān)鍵。
Enamel color is a rare and famous product in Chinese porcelain. Its official name is "porcelain enamel painting". It is developed from European metal enamel. In many ancient crafts, enamel color is the only kind of porcelain produced exclusively by the royal family and used only by the royal family. Since the day of its birth, it has been locked in the palace, and ordinary people have no chance to see it. It was not until 1914 that it was first exhibited publicly. Kangxi, Yongzheng, Ganlong and the three generations of emperors' unusual love and concern for enamel porcelain art are the key to the brilliant achievements of enamel porcelain in Qing Dynasty.
此藏品：清乾隆琺瑯彩描金開(kāi)光花鳥(niǎo)尊 ，其外形俊秀、線條柔美、比例協(xié)調(diào)，深得清朝歷代君王的喜愛(ài)。整體器形規(guī)整，造型比例均勻，胎質(zhì)幼潔，外壁通體精描金為底、中間有花鳥(niǎo)紋飾，紅藍(lán)銜接，瓶底符號(hào)有包容結(jié)實(shí)各種紋飾之效，令整體更為完美，處處皆見(jiàn)匠心。足底白胎內(nèi)施昂貴之松綠釉，釉色瑩潤(rùn)堅(jiān)致， 中間施白釉藍(lán)料書(shū)“乾隆年制”四字兩行篆書(shū)款。
This collection: Qing gan long enamel painted with gold and bright flowers and birds, with beautiful appearance, gentle lines and harmonious proportions, is deeply loved by all kings of Qing dynasty. The overall shape of the vessel is regular, the proportion of the shape is even, the fetus is young and clean, the outer wall is completely covered with fine gold, the middle is decorated with flowers and birds, the red and blue are connected, and the symbol at the bottom of the bottle has the effect of containing various decorative patterns, making the whole more perfect and showing ingenuity everywhere. Expensive pine green glaze is applied to the white placenta of the sole of the foot, and the glaze color is jade-like and firm. In the middle, white glaze and blue material are applied to the four-character and three-line seal script of "Dry Long Year System".
在乾隆時(shí)期，琺瑯彩瓷繪畫(huà)又有了新的發(fā)展。一是畫(huà)法中的陰陽(yáng)向背與凹凸感就不僅出現(xiàn)在紙絹畫(huà)上，也出現(xiàn)在琺瑯彩瓷的繪畫(huà)上。二是“錦灰堆”畫(huà)法的大量運(yùn)用，就是在一種彩色質(zhì)地中用各種顏色繪制各式各樣的織錦紋、絲綢紋和其他花紋，花紋中又添繪各式各樣的纏枝花和其他圖案，所以這種畫(huà)法也叫“錦上添花”。琺瑯彩瓷創(chuàng)燒于康熙年間，沒(méi)落于乾隆末年。由于是皇室的專(zhuān)用器物，所以不計(jì)成本的燒制，在乾隆朝以后在位皇帝中很難有燒制琺瑯彩瓷的實(shí)力。再著皇室為了顯示自己的高貴而獨(dú)攬琺瑯彩瓷器的燒制和使用權(quán)，以至民間的制瓷藝人無(wú)法看見(jiàn)琺瑯彩瓷器成品，更別說(shuō)學(xué)習(xí)燒制過(guò)程。使得清朝宮廷沒(méi)落以后，這種燒瓷技術(shù)也就逐漸失傳了。
During the Ganlong period, enamel colored porcelain painting had a new development. First, the yin-yang back and concavity and convexity in painting not only appear on paper and silk paintings, but also on enamel colored porcelain paintings. The second is the extensive use of the "Jin Hui dui" drawing method, which draws various brocade patterns, silk patterns and other patterns in a colorful texture with various colors, and adds a variety of twining flowers and other patterns to the patterns, so this method is also called "icing on the cake". Enamel colored porcelain was created and burned in Kangxi and declined in the last years of Ganlong. Because it is a royal household's special utensil, it is difficult for the reigning emperors after the Ganlong Dynasty to have the strength to fire enamel colored porcelain regardless of cost. Moreover, the royal family monopolized the firing and use of enamel colored porcelain in order to show its nobility, so that the folk porcelain makers could not see the finished enamel colored porcelain, let alone learn the firing process. After the decline of the Qing court, this porcelain burning technique was gradually lost.
琺瑯彩瓷起始于康熙末年，頂盛時(shí)為雍正期至乾隆期。無(wú)論是觀賞角度和收藏角度來(lái)看，琺瑯彩都是市場(chǎng)比較熱門(mén)的一件收藏品，因?yàn)楣に嚨臎](méi)落，導(dǎo)致琺瑯彩瓷器在市面上存世量少之又少。近年來(lái)，隨著人們的追捧，琺瑯彩在市場(chǎng)的價(jià)格進(jìn)行持續(xù)的高漲，琺瑯彩都具有一定的收藏價(jià)值和投資價(jià)值！
Enamel colored porcelain started at the end of Kangxi and reached its peak in Yongzheng to Ganlong periods. From both an ornamental and a collection point of view, enamel color is a popular collectible in the market. Due to the decline of craftsmanship, enamel color porcelain is rare in the market. In recent years, with the popularity of people, the price of enamel color in the market continues to rise, enamel color has a certain collection value and investment value!
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