【藏 品名稱】： 銀元 【藏 品 年 代】： 民國
[Collection name]: YinYuan [collection date]: Republican China
【藏 品 類 型】: 錢 幣 【藏 品 信 息】: 直徑：39.9毫米 重量：26.86克
Collection type: Coins ···[collection message]: diameter: 39.9mm, weight: 26.86g
近百年來，銀元一直在中國的流通領(lǐng)域里占有重要的位置。銀元，起源于上海銀餅。清朝末年，上海一些富商經(jīng)營“沙船”生意，這種船專營由北方運鹽到上海，由南方運黃沙到北方，這種黃沙混合石子和泥土叫作“三合土”，是建筑物的主要材料。這種運沙船廠，雇用大量員工，每月發(fā)工資時，為避免秤量碎銀引起爭執(zhí)，故就讓富商王永盛、郁深盛等人自鑄銀餅，規(guī)定每一銀餅值白銀5錢。在市面上見到的是清朝咸豐六年所鑄。
后來，墨西哥商人到中國購買物品，帶進來墨西哥的銀元，也叫墨銀，它是用機器鑄造的，分量更準(zhǔn)確，每個含銀7錢3分，庫稱是7錢2分，上面有一只鷹，俗稱“番餅”，又稱“鷹洋”或“洋鈿”，有人甚至稱作“番佛一尊”，可見當(dāng)時一般人對銀元的重視。 光緒年間，銀元大量鑄造，上面有一條龍，稱為“龍洋”。民國初年，先后鑄造有孫中山側(cè)面頭像和袁世凱側(cè)面頭像的銀元，俗稱“孫小頭”和“袁大頭”，重量均為7錢3分。 100個銀元的重量有73兩，不可能帶在身上，因此市面上大宗交易時，都用錢莊的“莊票”。銀元放在身上，鏘鏘有聲，白花花的光澤更是炫眼，所以攜帶大量銀元容易發(fā)生事故，俗語“財不露白”，“白”便是指銀元而言。
20世紀(jì)初，一個銀元可換128－140枚銅元；一個銀元可買雞蛋150個，或150根油條。 1935年前，中國的貨幣制度采取銀本位，白銀包括銀兩和銀元。1933年4月，國民黨政府“廢兩改元”后一律使用銀元。而帝國主義國家由于實行金本位，所以白銀屬一般商品。 1933年上半年，世界銀價一度從每盎司16.5便士上漲至20.5便士，此時中國一下子便出口白銀3400萬兩。而那些帝國主義把中國的白銀運到倫敦高價出售，每裝運1000萬銀元，即可獲暴利400萬元。在1934年一年中，僅上海流出的白銀至少有2億多元。
1935年11月3日，國民黨政府公布“幣制改革”的命令，決定由中央、中國、交通（1936年又加入中國農(nóng)民銀行）發(fā)行紙幣為“法幣”，禁止白銀流通，白銀收歸國有。當(dāng)時國民黨政府一下子奪取了3億多銀元。并把法幣定為一元合英鎊一先令二便士半，但照當(dāng)時市場的銀價折算，每一元法幣是一先令十便士半，這中間實際價值相差8便士。一元法幣的實值已被壓低了6角5分。法幣政策的實施，從發(fā)行指數(shù)和物價指數(shù)看，通貨膨脹實際上已經(jīng)開始了。
For nearly 100 years, the silver dollar has occupied an important position in China's circulation field. Silver dollar originated from Shanghai silver cake. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, some rich merchants in Shanghai operated a “sand boat” business. This kind of boat franchise transported salt from the north to Shanghai, and yellow sand from the south to the north. This kind of yellow sand mixed with stones and mud is called “Sanhe soil” and is the main building material. This kind of shipyard shipyard employs a large number of employees. When paying monthly wages, in order to avoid disputes caused by weighing and crushing silver, rich merchants Wang Yongsheng, Yu Shensheng and others have made their own silver cakes, and each silver cake is worth 5 silver . What I saw on the market was the six years of Xianfeng in the Qing Dynasty.
Later, Mexican merchants went to China to buy items, and brought in the silver dollar from Mexico, also known as Mo Yin. It was cast with a machine and the weight was more accurate. Each containing silver was 7 cents and 3 cents, and the library said it was 7 cents and 2 cents. The eagle, commonly known as "pancake", also known as "eagle ocean" or "foreign son", and some people even called "A Buddha of Fan", shows that the ordinary people paid attention to silver dollars at that time. During the period of Guangxu, silver dollars were cast in large quantities and there was a dragon on it, called "Dragon Ocean". In the early years of the Republic of China, silver coins with a profile picture of Sun Yat-sen and a profile picture of Yuan Shikai were cast in succession, commonly known as "Sun Xiaotou" and "Yuan Datou", each weighing 7 cents and 3 cents. The weight of 100 silver dollars is 73, and it is impossible to carry it on the body. Therefore, the bank's "zhuang ticket" is used for large transactions on the market. The silver dollar is placed on the body, the sound of the clang is loud, and the luster of the white flower is dazzling. Therefore, carrying a large number of silver dollars is prone to accidents. The saying "the money is not exposed to white", "white" refers to the silver dollar.
In the early 20th century, one silver dollar could be exchanged for 128-140 copper coins; one silver dollar could buy 150 eggs, or 150 fried dough sticks. Before 1935, China's monetary system adopted the silver standard, and silver included silver two and silver dollar. In April 1933, the Kuomintang government used the silver dollar after "abolishing the two reforms." Since imperialist countries implement the gold standard, silver is a general commodity. In the first half of 1933, the world silver price once rose from 16.5 pence per ounce to 20.5 pence. At this time, China exported 34 million silver at once. Those imperialists shipped Chinese silver to London for sale at a high price, and for every shipment of 10 million silver dollars, they could make a huge profit of 4 million yuan. In the year of 1934, the silver outflow from Shanghai alone was at least 200 million yuan.
On November 3, 1935, the Kuomintang government issued an order for "currency reform", deciding that the central government, China, and transportation (and joined the Farmer's Bank of China in 1936) issued paper currency as "fiat currency," prohibiting the circulation of silver, and silver was nationalized. At that time, the Kuomintang government seized more than 300 million dollars. The fiat currency was set at one dollar and one pound and one shilling and two pence and a half, but according to the silver price in the market at that time, each dollar of fiat currency was one shilling and ten pence, and the difference in actual value between them was 8 pence. The real value of one yuan of fiat currency has been lowered by 6 quarters and 5 minutes. From the perspective of the issue index and the price index, inflation has actually started in the implementation of the fiat currency policy.
2020年5月3日
