【藏 品稱】： 大清銅幣 【藏 品 年 代】： 清代
[Collection name]: Qing Dynasty coins [collection date]: the Qing dynasty
【藏 品 類 型】: 錢 幣 【藏 品 信 息】: 直徑：28.2毫米 重量：7克
Collection type: Coins ··· [collection message]: diameter:23 mm, weight:7g
鑒于各省鑄行銅元毫無節(jié)制， 清政府便著手整頓和統(tǒng)一幣制，試圖將鑄幣權(quán)收歸國有，加強控制。1905年(光緒三十一年)10月，清政府在天津設(shè)立的戶部造幣總廠開始鑄造新式銅元“大清銅幣”，并頒布《整頓圜法章程十條》，其中規(guī)定：“銅元成色定為用九七紫銅，三厘白銅，原用聽錫一厘”;“重量定準當二十者重庫平四錢，當十者重庫平二錢，當五者重庫平一錢，當二者重庫平四分”;“統(tǒng)一制造大清銅幣，由戶部頒發(fā)祖模，均與總廠所鑄一律，惟于正面加鑄省名一字，以便查考。每次鑄出，均須呈送財政處戶部化驗，并由財政處戶部隨時遵派要員前往稽查”，“各省所鑄銅幣，應(yīng)令該省所設(shè)官錢公估等局，酌量市面情形定價，隨發(fā)隨收，持之以信”;“各省所鑄銅幣， 不得大宗販運出生活上，若各省需用銅幣，可備價至總廠領(lǐng)取”。
1906年(光緒三十二年)7月， 清政府處戶部又奏請朝廷， 擬將當時全國24處銅元局， 酌量歸并為九處， 如折中所述：“然中國幅員遼闊， 若如全國僅設(shè)一廠，轉(zhuǎn)運恐形不便，惟有相度地勢之拼。除臣部所設(shè)總廠外，擬以山東歸并直隸為一廠，湖南歸并湖北為一廠，江西、安徽、江蘇、清江并歸江寧一廠，浙江歸并福建為一廠， 廣西歸并廣東為一廠。合奉天、河南、 四川、云南四廠，共九處， 皆歸臣部統(tǒng)轄，調(diào)劑盈虛， 彼此均可勻撥。”在歸并銅元局得以順利實施的同時，又限定各省每日鑄造銅元數(shù)額，以避免重蹈濫造的覆轍。此后，清政府將戶部改稱“度支部”，命各省造幣廠改稱度支部造幣分廠，欲統(tǒng)而治之，鞏固中央造幣集權(quán)。
這一時期銅元的顯著特點，正面均鈐有漢文“大清銅幣”字樣，左右邊緣分列“戶部”和干支紀年文字， 后期去掉“戶部”， 僅留干支紀年文字， 上緣列滿文“大清銅幣”， 下緣列紀值文字; 背面為統(tǒng)一蟠龍， 又稱“部頒龍”或“大清龍”， 上緣前期為“光緒年造”、后期為“宣統(tǒng)年造”字樣，下緣為英文“TAI—CIIING—TI—KUO COPPER COIN”， 漢譯為“大清帝國銅幣”。戶部所鑄銅元正面中央無文字，各省所鑄銅元正面中央鑄一陰文單省名，也有個別為陽文以示區(qū)別。幣值分為當制錢二十文、十文、五文和二文四種。此階段新疆地區(qū)鑄行“宣統(tǒng)元寶”銅元，西藏地區(qū)曾鑄行“宣統(tǒng)寶藏”銅元，僅此兩例。雖然清政府處心積慮改革幣制，但未能有效遏制住全國大肆鑄造銅元的勢頭，各省局以利之所在都陽奉陰違，邊疆省份云南竟敢違背不準設(shè)新廠的詔令， 1907年(光緒三十三年)設(shè)局鑄行“云”字大清銅幣。
面對銅元泛濫之災(zāi)愈演愈烈，清政府決心徹底改革幣制，從根本上解決銅元鑄行中暴露出來的問題，廢除舊銅元，再造新銅元。1910年(宣統(tǒng)二年)4月16日， 清政府頒布了《幣制則例》， 實行銀本位制， 即以銀元為主幣，銅元為輔幣，一種新型輔幣制度明文確立。新銅元以分為單位，有二分、一分、五厘、一厘四種。然而，這套新銅元的幣值又與制錢比價相背離，只鑄式樣，并未流通。故1911年(宣統(tǒng)三年)又推出一套新銅元， 仍稱“大清銅幣”， 計有二十文、 十文、五文和二文、一文五種，五文以上鑄有制錢和銀元互換值， 以補第一套新銅元之不足。 同時還規(guī)定新、 舊銅元暫時同用，在三年之內(nèi)逐步收回舊銅元，期滿停止使用。但這一幣制改革方案，還未來得及全面實施(只有十文和一文銅元進入流通領(lǐng)域)，便爆發(fā)了辛亥革命，清朝滅亡。
In view of the lack of control over the copper coins minted in various provinces, the Qing government set about rectifying and unifying the currency system, trying to nationalize the coinage right and strengthen control. In October 1905 (Guangxu 31), the Hube Mint General Factory established by the Qing government in Tianjin began to cast the new copper coin "Daqing Copper Coin" and promulgated "Ten Articles of the Rectification Law", which stipulated: It is set to use ninety-seven red copper, three centimeters of copper, and the original tin is one cent. ";" The weight shall be determined as twenty weights for Kuping four money, ten weights for Kuping two money, and five weights for Kuping one money, when The two are equally divided into four quarters ";" The unified manufacture of Daqing copper coins, issued by the ancestors of the Ministry of Education, are cast in the same way as the head factory, but the name of the province is added on the front for easy reference. Each time it is cast, all It must be submitted to the Ministry of Finance for testing by the Ministry of Finance, and the Ministry of Finance should dispatch key officials to inspect at any time. "" Copper coins minted in various provinces should be ordered by the Bureau of the Ministry of Finance to assess the market situation and price according to market conditions. "Accept it and hold it by faith"; "Copper coins minted by various provinces are not allowed to be trafficked out of life in bulk. If the provinces need to use copper coins, they can reserve the price to the head factory for collection."
In July 1906 (Thirty-two years of Guangxu), the Qing government office invited the court again, and planned to merge the 24 copper Yuan bureaus in the country into nine places at their discretion, as stated in the compromise: "Although China has a vast territory, if If there is only one factory in the country, it is inconvenient to transfer, but it is only a matter of terrain. In addition to the general factory set up by the Ministry, it is planned to use Shandong to merge into Zhili as a factory, Hunan to merge into Hubei as a factory, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu , Qingjiang merged into Jiangning No.1 factory, Zhejiang merged into Fujian No.1 factory, and Guangxi merged into Guangdong No.1 factory. Hefengtian, Henan, Sichuan, Yunnan four factories, a total of nine sites, all under the jurisdiction of the ministerial department, adjust the surplus, each can Evenly allocate. "While the merger of the Copper Yuan Bureau was successfully implemented, it also limited the amount of copper coins that the provinces would cast daily to avoid repeating the same mistakes. After that, the Qing government renamed the household ministry "du branch" and ordered the mints of the provinces to be renamed the branch mint branch to consolidate the centralization of the central mint.
The distinctive features of the copper yuan during this period are the words "Daqing Copper Coin" in Chinese on the front, and the "hubu" and the dry year text are listed on the left and right edges. The "hubu" is removed in the later period, leaving only the dry branch year text, and the upper edge is full The text "Daqing Copper Coin", the lower margin of the column value text; the back is the unified pan dragon, also known as "Ministry of Dragons" or "Daqing Dragon", the upper edge of the early period is "Guangxu Yearly Creation", the latter is "Xuantong Yearly Creation" ", The lower edge is English" TAI—CIIING—TI—KUO COPPER COIN ”, and the Chinese translation is“ Daqing Empire Copper Coin ”. There is no text in the center of the front of the copper yuan cast by the Hube. There is a single province name in the center of the front of the copper yuan cast by the provinces. The currency value is divided into four types: twenty, ten, five and two. At this stage, the "Xuantong Yuanbao" copper coins were cast in Xinjiang, and the "Xuantong Yuanbao" copper coins were cast in Tibet. These are only two examples. Although the Qing government was deliberately reforming the currency system, it failed to effectively curb the momentum of the country's widespread copper coin casting. The provincial and bureaus are all in favor of Yang and Yin. The border province Yunnan dared to violate the decree that no new factory should be established. In 1907 (Guangxu 33 Years) set up a bureau to cast the word "cloud" in Qing Dynasty copper coins.
In the face of the intensification of the proliferation of copper coins, the Qing government was determined to completely reform the currency system, fundamentally solve the problems exposed in the casting of copper coins, abolish old copper coins, and create new copper coins. On April 16, 1910 (the second year of Xuantong), the Qing government promulgated the "Regulations of the Currency System", which implemented the silver standard system, that is, the silver dollar was the main currency, and the copper dollar was the auxiliary currency. A new type of auxiliary currency system was clearly established. The new copper yuan is divided into four units: two points, one point, five cents, and one cent. However, the currency value of this new set of copper yuan is also contrary to the money-making price ratio. Therefore, in 1911 (three years of Xuantong), a new set of copper coins was introduced, which is still called "Daqing Copper Coins". There are 20 types, ten types, five types and two types, and one type of five types. Silver dollar swap value to make up for the shortage of the first set of new copper dollars. At the same time, it also stipulates that the new and old copper dollars are temporarily used together, and gradually withdraw the old copper dollars within three years, and stop using them at the end of the period. However, this currency reform plan has yet to be fully implemented in the future (only ten articles and one article of copper coins entered the circulation field), and the 1911 Revolution broke out and the Qing Dynasty perished.
