元代青花瓷是我國陶瓷發(fā)展史上一個重要里程碑，是我國陶瓷史上一朵盛開的奇葩。元青花瓷是中華傳統(tǒng)文化、宗教藝術(shù)、伊斯蘭文化相互影響，并演繹出瓷器藝術(shù)風(fēng)格的大融合。元青花瓷的青料據(jù)文獻(xiàn)記載采用的是“蘇麻離青”，其紋樣復(fù)雜工整秀麗，“蘇麻離青”的使用使得顏色沉穩(wěn)，色調(diào)也與整個內(nèi)斂的線條風(fēng)格相得益彰。元青花以其明快雅麗的繪畫圖案、豐富多彩的器物種類、氣度恢弘的審美神韻和科學(xué)復(fù)雜的裝燒工藝，在元代瓷器中獨樹一幟。
The blue and white porcelain of Yuan Dynasty is an important milestone in the development history of China's ceramics and a wonderful flower in full bloom in the history of China's ceramics. Yuan blue and white porcelain is a combination of Chinese traditional culture, religious art and Islamic culture, and it deduces the artistic style of porcelain. According to the literature, the blue material of Yuan blue and white porcelain is "Su Ma Li Qing", whose pattern is complex, neat and beautiful. The use of "Su Ma Li Qing" makes the color steady, and the color tone complements the whole introverted line style. Yuan blue and white porcelain is unique in the Yuan Dynasty for its bright and elegant painting patterns, rich and colorful utensils, magnificent aesthetic charm and scientific and complex firing technology.
元青花開辟了由素瓷向彩瓷過渡的新時代，在制瓷工藝上獲得重大突破。人工裝飾技巧也被提升到前所未有的高度，一些器型與紋飾體現(xiàn)了新的藝術(shù)潮流，表現(xiàn)出了中華傳統(tǒng)文化的深厚內(nèi)涵。從制作工藝上看，此時出現(xiàn)了胎體厚重的巨大形體，如大罐、大瓶、大盤、大碗等。但也有精細(xì)之作，如胎體輕薄的高足碗、高足杯、匜、盤等。在元代社會，青花瓷還沒有成為宮廷或人們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹谋匦杵罚凭摺⒚髌魍猓饕a(chǎn)品是對外輸出，因此元青花瓷的造型有一定特殊性，其原因乃是為了滿足不同地域、不同生活習(xí)慣使用者的需要。如大罐、大瓶、大盤、大碗是為了適應(yīng)伊斯蘭國家廣大穆斯林席地而坐、一起吃飯的習(xí)慣而特別生產(chǎn)的大型飲食器皿。而元時生產(chǎn)的小型器皿如小罐、小瓶、小壺則多銷往菲律賓。根據(jù)考古資料可知，許多小件元青花瓷都是當(dāng)年為滿足東南亞人陪葬需要而制作的外銷商品。除了外銷，元青花生產(chǎn)者對內(nèi)為了符合元代社會生活習(xí)俗還生產(chǎn)了中小型瓶、爐、筆山、高足碗、連座器等。
Yuan blue and white ushered in a new era of transition from plain porcelain to colored porcelain, and made a significant breakthrough in porcelain making technology. The technique of artificial decoration has also been upgraded to an unprecedented level. Some types of utensils and patterns reflect the new artistic trend and the profound connotation of Chinese traditional culture. From the perspective of manufacturing technology, there are massive carcasses, such as large cans, large bottles, large plates, large bowls, etc. But there are also fine works, such as the high foot bowl, the high foot cup, the cuvette, the plate and so on. In the Yuan Dynasty, blue and white porcelain has not become a necessity of the court or people's daily life. In addition to wine utensils and Ming ware, the main products are exported to the outside world. Therefore, the shape of the yuan blue and white porcelain has certain particularity, the reason is to meet the needs of different regions and users of different living habits. For example, large pots, bottles, plates and bowls are large-scale food utensils specially produced to adapt to the habit of Muslims in Islamic countries sitting on the ground and eating together. The small utensils produced in the Yuan Dynasty, such as small pots, bottles and kettles, were sold to the Philippines. According to archaeological data, many small pieces of Yuan blue and white porcelain were made for export to meet the burial needs of Southeast Asian people. In addition to export, Yuan blue and white producers also produced small and medium-sized bottles, stoves, pen mountains, high-end bowls, and seat connectors to meet the social customs of Yuan Dynasty.
元青花人物故事罐在我國的瓷器界有非常重要的地位，是我國瓷器中璀璨奪目的一朵奇葩，因為它的精湛的制作工藝、精美的圖案加上是取材中國有名的故事圖案主題，它在中國的瓷器史上一直占據(jù)著霸主的地位，是無法被任何瓷器替代的珍品。
Yuan blue and white character story jar plays a very important role in China's porcelain industry, and it is a brilliant flower in China's porcelain. Because of its exquisite production technology, exquisite patterns and famous Chinese story pattern theme, it has always occupied a dominant position in China's porcelain history, and is a treasure that can not be replaced by any porcelain.
元青花瓷器使用的青料除了使用“蘇麻離青”即進口鈷料之外，也使用國產(chǎn)鈷料。國產(chǎn)鈷料為高錳低鐵型青料，呈色青藍(lán)偏灰黑，僅用于中、小型器;進口料為低錳高鐵型青料，呈色青翠濃艷，有鐵銹斑痕，用于大型、中型或小型元青花上。在部分器物上，也有國產(chǎn)料和進口料并用的情況。元青花的紋飾最大特點是構(gòu)圖豐滿，層次多而不亂。筆法以一筆點劃多見，流暢有力;勾勒渲染則粗壯沉著。主題紋飾的題材有人物、動物、植物、詩文等。人物有高士圖(四愛圖)、歷史人物等;動物有龍鳳、麒麟、鴛鴦、游魚等;植物常見的有牡丹、蓮花、蘭花、松竹梅、靈芝、花葉、瓜果等;詩文極少見。
In addition to the imported cobalt material, the domestic cobalt material is also used in the blue and white porcelain of Yuan Dynasty. Domestic cobalt is made of high manganese and low iron green material, which is blue and gray black in color, and is only used for medium and small-sized utensils; imported cobalt is made of low manganese and high iron green material, which is green and rich in color, with rust marks, and is used for large, medium or small-sized yuanqinghua. In some of the artifacts, there are also domestic materials and imported materials used at the same time. The most important feature of the yuan blue and white pattern is that the composition is plump, and there are many levels without disorder. The strokes are frequent, smooth and powerful, while the outline and rendering are thick and calm. The theme of the decoration includes characters, animals, plants, poems and so on. The figures are Gao Shi Tu (Si AI TU), historical figures, etc.; the animals are dragon and Phoenix, unicorn, mandarin duck, swimming fish, etc.; the common plants are peony, lotus, orchid, pine and bamboo plum, Ganoderma lucidum, flower leaves, melon and fruit, etc.; the poems are rare.
值得一提的是元青花中的人物紋別出心裁，并與戲劇相結(jié)合，將著名歷史人物的故事情節(jié)移植到瓷器畫面上，呈現(xiàn)出一種新的藝術(shù)境界，具有極強的藝術(shù)感染力，這也是其他時代所無法比擬的。其人物故事都繪于體型較大的器物之上，諸如蓋罐、梅瓶、玉壺春瓶等。蓋罐、梅瓶腹徑較粗，作畫面積大，多用來表現(xiàn)場面宏闊的題體。畫面多置于器物中段的主體部位，視覺突出，給人以強烈的沖擊力。玉壺春瓶頸肩，纖細(xì)，碩腹下垂，一般選擇人物少、場畫小的畫面，如需要表現(xiàn)大的場面時，往往以全器作畫。此外，元代瓷器的裝飾紋樣與佛教藝術(shù)有結(jié)合，蓮瓣、蓮花、雜寶等幾乎成為元青花瓷器上必有的裝飾內(nèi)容，說明了佛教藝術(shù)對工藝美術(shù)品的影響。以此青花人物故事紋輔首罐為例，盤口，束頸，溜肩，置對稱雙獸耳，腹部下收，圈足。器身由五層圈帶紋飾構(gòu)成，通體以青花繪畫，肩部飾蓮瓣紋一周，腹部繪人物故事，人物形象描繪細(xì)膩，近足處繪變體蓮瓣一周。整體布局疏朗大氣，疏密有致。青花發(fā)色濃艷，器型敦實厚重，胎質(zhì)細(xì)膩，釉色溫潤，底足露胎，尤其是青花紋飾朝代特征明顯，堪稱元代青花器的典范。
It is worth mentioning that the character patterns in the blue and white of the Yuan Dynasty are unique and combine with the drama to transplant the story of famous historical figures to the porcelain screen, presenting a new artistic realm with strong artistic appeal, which is also incomparable in other times. Their stories are all painted on larger objects, such as cans, plum bottles, jade pots and spring bottles. The belly diameter of the covering pot and the plum vase is relatively thick, and the painting area is large, which is mostly used to represent the broad topic body of the scene. The picture is mostly placed in the main part of the middle part of the utensil, with outstanding vision and strong impact. The bottle neck shoulder of Yuhu spring is thin, with big belly and drooping. Generally, the pictures with few characters and small scene painting are selected. When large scenes need to be displayed, they are often painted with the whole instrument. In addition, the decorative patterns of Yuan Dynasty porcelain are combined with Buddhist art. Lotus petals, lotus flowers, miscellaneous treasures and so on are almost the necessary decorative contents of Yuan blue and white porcelain, which shows the influence of Buddhist art on arts and crafts. Take the blue and white character story grain auxiliary first pot as an example, pan Kou, tie neck, slip shoulder, set symmetrical double animal ears, lower abdomen, circle foot. The body is composed of five layers of circles with patterns. The whole body is painted with blue and white, with lotus petals on the shoulders for one week, and the abdomen is painted with character stories. The figure image is described delicately, and the lotus petals near the feet are painted with variations for one week. The overall layout is sparse, strong and dense. The blue and white hair color is thick and colorful, the ware type is solid and thick, the texture is delicate, the glaze color is warm and moist, the bottom foot is exposed, especially the blue and white decorative features of the dynasty are obvious, which can be regarded as a model of the Yuan Dynasty blue and white ware.
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