熟女一区二区三区四区,中文字幕久久婷婷,gogo日本视频

宋朝的貨幣是中國錢幣歷史上最復(fù)雜的，眾所周知宋朝又分北宋和南宋，共歷十八帝，享國三百一十九年。宋朝貨幣的復(fù)雜性表現(xiàn)在其多方面，在宋太祖建元年初鑄“宋元通寶 ”時便開始表現(xiàn)其復(fù)雜性，近年來西安出土一批開元版別的錢幣有四五十種之多，有銅錢和鐵錢。基本光總計北宋九帝改了三十五次年號，鑄了二十七種年號錢和三種非年號錢。南宋七帝，改了二十次年號錢，連同閔、粵兩帝應(yīng)為九帝二十二次年號，鑄了十八種年號錢和三種非年號錢。除了最初兩朝開始外，基本上是每改一次年號，就鑄一種新錢。這是宋朝貨幣其復(fù)雜性之一。宋朝貨幣的復(fù)雜性還表現(xiàn)在了其名稱。

The currency of the Song Dynasty is the most complex in the history of Chinese coins. As we all know, the Song Dynasty is divided into the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, with a total of 18 emperors enjoying the country for 319 years. The complexity of the coins of the Song Dynasty is shown in many aspects. It began to show its complexity when song Taizu cast "Song Yuan Tong Bao" at the beginning of the first year of the founding of the Song Dynasty. In recent years, a batch of coins of the Kaiyuan edition unearthed in Xi'an have as many as 40 or 50 kinds, including copper coins and iron coins. In total, the Nine Emperors of the Northern Song Dynasty changed the number of years thirty-five times, and made twenty-seven kinds of money of years and three kinds of money of non years. The seven emperors of the Southern Song Dynasty changed the number of money twenty times. Together with the two emperors min and Yue, they should have the number of Nine Emperors twenty-two times. They made eighteen kinds of money of year and three kinds of money of non year. In addition to the beginning of the first two dynasties, basically every time we change the year number, we will cast a new kind of money. This is one of the complexities of the currency of Song Dynasty. The complexity of the Song Dynasty's currency is also reflected in its name.

政和通寶北宋徽宗政和年間鑄造。有小平，折二型銅錢及折三型鐵錢，對錢，有數(shù)十種之多，篆書，隸書二種書體。特色之處是隸書中雜有楷意，有時也稱作楷書。小平銅錢存世量大，版別復(fù)雜，變化多在“政”和“通”上。鐵錢鑄造量極大，存世較多。政和通寶在眾多錢幣中，版別較少，且其量亦不算多，因此在目前收藏市場上屬于可遇不可求的存在。

Zhenghe Tongbao was forged in Zhenghe period of Huizong in the Northern Song Dynasty. There are Xiao Ping, two types of copper coins and three types of iron coins. There are dozens of kinds of money, including seal script and official script. The characteristic is that the official script is mixed with regular script, sometimes called regular script. Xiaoping copper coin has a large amount of money in the world, and its edition is complex. Most of the changes are in "politics" and "communication". The amount of iron coin casting is very large, and there are many iron coins in the world. Zhenghe Tongbao is a rare coin in the current collection market because of its few editions and small quantity.

到了明崇禎十七年，這是中國歷史上的一個多事之秋，在這一年中，闖王李自成領(lǐng)導的農(nóng)民起義軍攻克北京并建立政權(quán)，崇禎皇帝煤山上吊自殺，明舊將吳三桂引清兵入關(guān)進逼北京，闖王不得不率大順軍西撤，滿清乘機入京。同年10月，大清定都北京，清世祖愛新覺羅•福臨在北京即皇帝位，改元順治。順治年間，順治通寶也未統(tǒng)一定型其幣型，按照背文，可分為五種，也就是順治五式。便是這五式定義了，大清后續(xù)的銅錢幣型。順治通寶分五式，一式仿明朝錢幣；二式仿唐朝開元通寶、明朝洪武通寶錢制；三式仿唐明朝錢制，在此基礎(chǔ)上鈐有直書“一厘”標明其幣值；四式則是其錢幣背面鈐有滿文“寶源、寶泉”鑄局，五式則是將其四式背面滿文做更改，采用滿漢文，其錢幣背面鈐有一滿文與一漢文，標明其鑄局。共有十二局：即“臨、寧、原、宣、同、江、東、河、薊、昌、浙、陜。此后各朝每更改一次年號，新鑄一種年號錢，便以此五式為樣本進行鑄造，從康熙通寶至宣統(tǒng)通寶，共十種。其外還有同治初期鑄造的未發(fā)行的祺祥通寶。道光通寶亦是仿順治通寶的五式，又偏向嘉慶通寶。因此道光通寶具有順治五式的影子，亦有嘉慶通寶的風格。

In the seventeen years of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty, it was an eventful autumn in the history of China. In this year, the peasant uprising led by Li Zicheng, the king of Chuang, conquered Beijing and established his regime. Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself on the coal mountain. In the old days of the Ming Dynasty, Wu Sangui was led into Beijing by the Qing army. The king of Chuang had to lead the Dashun army to withdraw to the West and the Manchu army to enter Beijing. In October of the same year, the capital of the Qing Dynasty was established in Beijing. Aixinjuelu Fulin, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, became emperor of Beijing and changed his reign to Shunzhi. During the reign of Shunzhi, Tongbao in Shunzhi was not unified in its currency type. According to the inscription, it can be divided into five types, namely, the five types of Shunzhi. These five types define the copper coin types of the Qing Dynasty. There are five types of Tongbao in Shunzhi, which are imitated in Ming Dynasty; two types are imitated in Kaiyuan Tongbao and Hongwu Tongbao of Tang Dynasty; three types are imitated in Tang and Ming Dynasty. On this basis, the seal has a direct letter "one Li" to indicate the value of its currency; the four types have a Manchu inscription "Baoyuan and Baoquan" on the back, and the five types have a change in Manchu on the back of its four types, which are in Manchu, with one on the back Manchu and a Chinese, indicating the casting Bureau. There are 12 bureaus in total: Lin, Ning, yuan, Xuan, Tong, Jiang, Dong, he, Ji, Chang, Zhe and Shan. After that, each dynasty changed its year number once, and cast a new year number of money, then cast the five patterns as samples, from Kangxi Tongbao to Xuantong Tongbao, a total of ten. Besides, there are the unsettled Qixiang Tongbao cast in the early days of Tongzhi. Daoguang Tongbao is also a five pattern of Shunzhi Tongbao, and it tends to Jiaqing Tongbao. Therefore, Daoguang Tongbao has the shadow of Shunzhi and Jiaqing Tongbao.

道光通寶鑄于清宣宗道光年間(1821-1850年)。錢文“道光通寶”四字以楷書書寫．從上而下而右而左直讀，錢背是記有寶局二十名的滿文。道光通寶形制特點基本與嘉慶錢相同，所不同者只是新疆際克蘇、庫車因缺少黃銅而開始鑄折五當十升值平錢，這是清代虛值大錢的濫觴。因此造就道光通寶價值同比其他清代銅錢還要高。

Daoguang Tongbao was cast in the reign of Daoguang (1821-1850). The four characters of "Dao Guang Tong Bao" in Qian Wen are written in regular script. They are read directly from top to bottom, right to left. Qian Bei is the Manchu script with the top 20 in Baoju. Daoguang Tongbao is basically the same as jiaqingqian in shape and system. The difference is that jikesu and Kuche in Xinjiang started to cast five yuan and ten yuan for appreciation due to the lack of brass, which is the origin of the large amount of money of empty value in Qing Dynasty. Therefore, the value of Daoguang Tongbao is higher than that of other Qing Dynasty copper coins.

軒宇藝術(shù)有幸征得一組古錢幣，此組錢幣分別為政和通寶與道光通寶，錢幣包漿圓潤飽滿，品相上乘，質(zhì)地渾厚有實感，藏品雖經(jīng)歷了無窮歲月，但紋路依然清晰可見，也見證了其歷史的積淀，具有非常明顯的歷史過渡性特征，表現(xiàn)出了當時的政治、經(jīng)濟、文化的交融，是集收藏與投資于一身的難能可貴的精品。

Xuanyu art has the honor to obtain a group of ancient coins, which are Zhenghe Tongbao and Daoguang Tongbao. The coins are well-rounded and full-bodied, superior in quality and solid in texture. Although the collection has gone through endless years, the patterns are still clear and visible, and they also witness the accumulation of its history. They have very obvious historical transitional characteristics, showing the political, economic and cultural characteristics at that time Blending, is a collection and investment in a rare boutique.

而近兩年此類古錢幣價值更是連連攀高，其中有兩點原因，其一因此類古錢幣在幾年前已被收藏家大量出手收購，所剩無幾，其二因由于此類古錢幣被大量收購后，市場一度出現(xiàn)斷層，再次出現(xiàn)在交易會上，沒收藏到的收藏家，都愿以高昂價格將其拍賣得手，因此去年與今年的古錢幣在大眾的熱烈炒作和追求下，其價值連攀高峰。因此，人們逐漸意識到錢幣收藏的意義和價值，古錢幣的收藏，創(chuàng)造出來了神話般的奇跡，古幣雖然早已不再作為錢幣在市面上流通使用，但卻有著非凡的收藏價值，從而給收藏者帶來了意想不到的財富。

In the past two years, the value of such ancient coins has been rising continuously. There are two reasons. One is that such coins have been bought by collectors a few years ago, and there are few left. The other is that after such coins were purchased in large quantities, the market once broke down and appeared again in the trade fairs. Collectors who confiscated them are willing to auction them at high prices. Last year and this year, the value of ancient coins has climbed to its peak under the intense hype and pursuit of the public. Therefore, people gradually realize the significance and value of coin collection. The collection of ancient coins has created a mythical miracle. Although ancient coins are no longer used as coins in the market, they have extraordinary collection value, which brings unexpected wealth to collectors.

豐富藝術(shù)生活，傳遞藝術(shù)價值！如果您對此組古錢幣感興趣，歡迎聯(lián)系軒宇（廣州）藝術(shù)傳媒有限公司！

Enrich art life and transfer art value! If you are interested in ancient coins, please contact Xuanyu (Guangzhou) art media Co., Ltd!

分享是一種美德，分享是一種快樂，學會分享，快樂他人！

Sharing is a virtue, sharing is a pleasure, learning to share, happy others!