官窯是中國宋代五大瓷窯之一，其制作技術傳承于唐代秘色瓷和五代柴窯，在千峰翠色的基礎上增加了非常瑩潤的玉質感。作為統治階級的重要禮器和上層社會的賞玩之物，它冰青玉潔、色調淡雅、造型古樸，充分體現了宋代先人的聰明才智，成為中國瓷器發展史上的一個重要里程碑。宋代在中國歷史上是一個重要時期，其經濟飛速發展，生活極其富足，工業非常繁榮。朝廷主要收入逐步從農業轉向工商業了，農業社會逐步向工業社會邁進了。正向清明上河圖所描繪的那樣經濟繁榮，人民安居樂業。這是宋官窯瓷器產生的經濟基礎和社會背景。
Guan kiln is one of the five biggest kilns in Song Dynasty in China. Its production technology is inherited from secret color porcelain of Tang Dynasty and Chai kiln of Five Dynasties. It adds a very lustrous jade sense on the basis of Qianfeng green color. As an important ritual ware of the ruling class and an object for the enjoyment of the upper class, it is green and jade, elegant in color and simple in shape, which fully embodies the wisdom of the ancestors of the Song Dynasty, and has become an important milestone in the development history of China's porcelain. Song Dynasty is an important period in Chinese history, with rapid economic development, extremely rich life and prosperous industry. The main income of the court gradually changed from agriculture to industry and commerce, and the agricultural society gradually moved forward to the industrial society. As depicted in the riverside map of Qingming Dynasty, the economy is prosperous and the people live and work in peace and contentment. This is the economic basis and social background of the production of the official kiln porcelain in Song Dynasty.
北宋大觀、政和年間，在汴京附近設立窯場，由官府直接經營，專燒宮廷用瓷器，即北宋官窯。南宋顧文薦《負睻雜錄》記載：“宋宣政間(宣和、政和即公元1111-1125年)京師自置窯燒造，名曰‘官窯’”，南宋葉寘在其《垣齋筆衡》中對北京官窯亦有記載：“政和京師自置窯燒造，名曰‘官窯’”。明代《事物紺珠》、《留留青》因襲此說。當時的京師即汴京(今河南開封)，因宋代汴京遺址已沉入地下，至今日為止，尚未發掘出北宋官窯遺址。對于北宋官窯遺址缺乏考古發掘地資料和充足的文獻資料的支撐，因此，時至今日，關于北宋官窯遺址在何處，仍有不同說法，一般有三種說法：一說北宋官窯即為汝窯;二說否認北宋官窯的存在;三說為北宋官窯即為汴京官窯，它與南宋時的修內司官窯先后存在。支持第三種說法的人較多。南宋時先后設立了“修內司窯”和“郊壇下窯”。至今杭州鳳凰山麓尚留有：南宋官窯老虎洞窯址、南宋官窯郊壇下窯址等歷史遺跡，現均為國家級文物保護單位。
In the period of Daguan and Zhenghe of the Northern Song Dynasty, a kiln was set up near Bianjing, which was directly operated by the government and specialized in the production of porcelain for the court, that is, the official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty. Gu Wenjian of the Southern Song dynasty recorded that "the imperial kiln was built by the imperial master in Xuanhe (Xuanhe, Zhenghe, i.e. 1111-1125 A.D.), which was also named" official kiln ". Ye Cong of the Southern Song Dynasty also recorded in his yuanzhai biheng:" the imperial kiln was built by the imperial master and the imperial master, which was named "official kiln". The Ming Dynasty "things cyan bead", "stay green" follow this theory. Bianjing (Kaifeng, Henan Province) was the capital at that time. Because the Bianjing site in Song Dynasty has sunk into the ground, so far, no official kiln site in Northern Song Dynasty has been excavated. There is a lack of archaeological data and sufficient literature support for the site of the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty. So far, there are still different opinions about where the site of the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty is located. Generally, there are three opinions: one is that the official kiln in the northern Song Dynasty is Ru kiln; the other is that it denies the existence of the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty; the third is that the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty is Bianjing kiln, which successively exists with the official kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty. There are more people supporting the third view. In the Southern Song Dynasty, "xiuneisi kiln" and "jiaotanxia kiln" were successively set up. Up to now, there are still some historical sites left at the foot of Fenghuang Mountain in Hangzhou, such as LAOHUDONG kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty, tanxia kiln in the suburb of the Southern Song Dynasty, which are all state-level cultural relics protection units.
宋官窯瓷器品種非常豐富，按用途分為禮器、陳設器、日用器，其中禮器、陳設器占主要地位，因為宋朝時期每年都要舉行隆重的祭奠活動，祭天、祭地、祭先祖，這就需要大量的禮器。又因為當時青銅器逐步為瓷器所取代，所以從造型上明顯看出宋官窯瓷器中有很多造型古樸的仿青銅器型。官窯的制胎一般就近取土，胎色大多呈灰色、深灰色、深褐色，這是因為胎土中摻入含鐵量較高的紫金土所致。器口薄釉處和圈足露胎處顯出深褐色，正像古人所云“紫口鐵足”。釉色有多種，有天青、粉青、灰青、米黃、月白、翠綠，北宋官窯中粉青、月白色較多。按古人的評價：“粉青為上，淺白(月白)次之，油灰(灰青)色色之下也”。釉面有大小開片，種類有牛毛紋、蟹爪紋、冰裂紋、魚鱗紋、魚子紋。古人評價：“取冰裂鱔血為上，梅花片黑紋次之，細碎紋紋之下也”。總之，宋代官窯瓷必須符合皇家的審美觀，它沒有精美的雕飾以嘩眾，也不靠艷彩涂繪以媚人，唯獨以古樸莊重的器型、瑩潤如玉的釉色、鱗鱗如波的紋片配合著紫口鐵足之美，堪稱宋代審美的代表。
There are many kinds of official kilns in Song Dynasty, which are divided into ritual ware, furnishing ware and daily use ware according to their uses. Ritual ware and furnishing ware are the main parts, because in Song Dynasty, ceremonious sacrificial activities were held every year, such as sacrificing to heaven, land and ancestors, which requires a lot of ritual ware. At that time, the bronze ware was gradually replaced by porcelain, so it was obvious from the modeling that there were many ancient and simple imitation bronze ware types in the porcelain of song official kiln. The tyre making in Guanyao is generally from the nearest place, and the tyre color is mostly gray, dark gray and dark brown, which is caused by the incorporation of purple gold soil with high iron content into the tyre soil. The thin glaze of the mouth and the exposed part of the ring foot show dark brown, just like the ancient saying "Purple mouth and iron foot". There are many kinds of glaze colors, such as sky blue, pink green, grey green, beige, moon white and green. In the official kilns of the Northern Song Dynasty, there are more pink green and moon white. According to the evaluation of the ancients, "pink and blue are the top, light white (moon white) is the second, and putty (gray and blue) is also under the color.". There are different kinds of glaze, such as ox hair grain, crab claw grain, ice crack, fish scale grain and fish roe grain. The ancients said: "take the ice eel blood as the top, followed by the black pattern of the plum blossom, and also under the fine grain.". In a word, the official kiln porcelain of Song Dynasty must conform to the aesthetic view of the royal family. It does not have exquisite carving to attract people, nor does it rely on colorful painting to attract people. It can be regarded as the representative of the aesthetic of Song Dynasty, only with the simple and solemn shape of utensils, the glaze color of glittering and lustrous jade, the pattern of scales like waves, and the beauty of purple mouth and iron feet.
此官窯花觚，敞口向天而向，即為‘上承天露’或‘秉承天道’之意。長頸，方腹，高圈足外撇。器體胎體厚重，形體碩大，造型古樸，典雅迷人，胎質細膩致密，通體施青釉，釉汁肥厚，滋潤如玉，通體開片，裂紋層層疊疊清晰而現，觀之猶如堅冰炸裂，具有較強的立體之感，而以手感之，且又光潔平滑。其高雅素裝攝人眼目，獨具藝術魅力。因官窯瓷器屬于非商品性生產，產品少。其中精者選進宮，次者掩埋等處理，不許流入民間，歷代帝王尚且均將官窯瓷器視為珍寶，世代相傳，不作明器陪葬，足見其珍貴程度，故流傳下來且保存完好的官窯瓷器如此件官窯花觚就更為珍稀難得，具有極高的收藏價值。
The Goblet of the official kiln is open to the sky, which means "inheriting the heavenly dew" or "inheriting the heavenly way". Long neck, square belly, high circle feet. The carcass is thick, large, simple, elegant and charming. The carcass is fine and dense. The glaze is thick and moist as jade. The cracks are clear and appear in layers. It looks like solid ice and cracks. It has a strong sense of three-dimensional. It feels smooth and smooth by hand. Its elegant plain clothes are eye-catching and unique in artistic charm. Due to the non-commercial production of Guanyao porcelain, there are few products. Among them, the elite were selected into the palace, and the second was buried. They were not allowed to enter the folk. The emperors of all dynasties regarded the porcelain of the official kiln as a treasure. It was handed down from generation to generation, and they did not bury it as a Ming ware, which showed the degree of its preciousness. Therefore, such a well preserved porcelain of the official kiln as a flower Goblet of the official kiln is even more rare and has a very high collection value.
