藏品推薦：《和田玉手串》
【名稱】《和田玉手串》
【材質】和田玉
【類別】玉器
【藏品內容】
[name] Hetian jade hand string
[material] Hetian jade
[category] jade
[collection content]
中國玉文化是中華優秀傳統文化的重要組成部分，新疆和田玉是中國玉文化的物資基石，在中國玉文化的傳承和發展史上書寫了燦爛輝煌的篇章。
Chinese jade culture is an important part of Chinese excellent traditional culture. Hetian jade in Xinjiang is the material cornerstone of Chinese jade culture. It has written a brilliant chapter in the inheritance and development history of Chinese jade culture.
政治文化
玉器剛剛出現之時，只是作為生產工具和原始裝飾品。隨著生產的發展，產生了貧富分化，導致了階級的產生和國家的出現，等級觀念也隨之產生，慢慢地這種產量稀少，美麗耐久的玉器就成為統治階級專門享有的器物，并賦予了特殊的意義。作為政治等級制度的規范，在春秋戰國時期玉器就有了詳細的記載，如"六瑞"的使用規定為：王執鎮圭，公執桓圭，侯執信圭，伯執躬圭，子執谷璧，男執蒲璧。這些規范是以玉器的形制和尺寸來區分的，鎮圭最大，桓圭次之，信圭再次之地位最低的男爵則用具有蒲紋的璧形玉器。秦以后，玉璽成了君權的象征。以玉為璽的制度，一直沿襲到清代。玉璽如此，玉帶也有級別規定，唐代就明確規定了官員用玉帶的制度。
《新唐書·車服志》中記載了“以紫為三品之服，金玉帶挎十三；緋為四品之服，金帶挎十一；淺緋為五品之服，金帶挎十一”。可見，從原始社會末期至清代，某些玉器一直是作為政治等級制度的重要標志器物。
Political culture
At the time of its appearance, jade was only used as a production tool and original ornament. With the development of production, the polarization between the rich and the poor has resulted in the emergence of class and state, and the concept of hierarchy has also emerged. Slowly, this kind of production is rare, and beautiful and durable jade has become a special tool enjoyed by the ruling class, and given special significance. As a standard of political hierarchy, jade wares were recorded in detail in the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period. For example, the use of "six Rui" was stipulated as follows: Wang zhizhengui, Gong zhihuangui, Hou zhixingui, Bo zhibowgui, Zi zhigubi, male zhipubi. These norms are distinguished by the shape and size of the jade. Zhengui is the largest, huangui is the second, and Xingui is the lowest. The Baron uses the Bi jade with PU pattern. After Qin Dynasty, the seal became a symbol of monarchy. The system of taking the jade as the seal continued until the Qing Dynasty. As for the jade seal, there are also regulations on the level of the jade belt. In the Tang Dynasty, the system for officials to use the jade belt was clearly defined.
In the book of new Tang Dynasty, it is recorded that "purple is the clothing of three grades, and gold jade is the clothing of thirteen; Fei is the clothing of four grades, and gold belt is the clothing of eleven; shallow Fei is the clothing of five grades, and gold belt is the clothing of eleven". It can be seen that from the end of the primitive society to the Qing Dynasty, some jades have always been important symbols of the political hierarchy.
道德品質
道德賦予玉文化從產生之時，就用玉賦予了道德觀，所謂“君子比德于玉，君子佩玉”等都是對玉進行人格化。玉的道德內涵在西周初年就已產生，從那時起，發展了一整套用玉道德觀，將其理念化、系統化是在孔子創立儒家學說以后，儒家的用玉觀一直貫穿了整個中國封建社會，深深根植于人們的頭腦中。儒家道德以其涵蓋仁、義、禮、智、信而著稱。玉道德便以其為本，象征著倫理觀念中高尚品德和情操。在這當中，就有很多古代勞動人民創造出來與玉有關的字，多表示美好、崇高的意思。例如，經常有人用“寧為玉碎，不為瓦全”來比喻某人高尚的情操和凜然氣節。中華民族對玉的偏愛、宣傳、推崇，被思想家理念化后，具有頑強的生命力，歷代統治階級都加以利用。玉的道德和人格化，廣泛被民眾所接受，是玉器長盛不衰的一個重要原因。
Moral character
From the time when the culture of moral endowing jade came into being, it used jade to endow moral concepts. The so-called "gentlemen compare virtue with jade, gentlemen wear jade" and so on all personify jade. The moral connotation of jade came into being in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Since then, a whole set of moral concept of jade use has been developed. After Confucius founded Confucianism, the concept of jade use of Confucianism has been throughout the whole feudal society of China, deeply rooted in people's minds. Confucian morality is famous for its coverage of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith. Jade morality is based on it, which symbolizes the noble morality and sentiment in ethics. Among them, there are many ancient working people who created jade Related words, which mostly express beautiful and noble meanings. For example, it is often used to describe someone's noble sentiment and awe inspiring integrity. After being idealized by thinkers, the Chinese nation's preference, propaganda and admiration for jade has tenacious vitality, which has been used by the ruling classes of all dynasties. The morality and personification of jade are widely accepted by the people, which is an important reason for the long-term prosperity of jade.
文化價值
和田玉用來比喻君子的美好品德，還常常當作情人間表示愛慕的信物。
“籽”一般而言主要是針對植物來說，指的是植物所結的種籽，同時包含有孕育的含義，是植物生命的一個過程。“仔”主要是指動物，根據讀音來看有兩層意思：在讀作“zi”的時候，指的是幼小的意思；讀“zai”的時候泛指幼小的人或動物。把和田玉的子料稱為“仔料”、“籽料”的情況在平時比較多見，這兩個稱呼反映了和田玉子料外形圓潤、個頭小的特征。但在仔細推敲之后，這兩種稱呼都不能準確的反映出和田玉子料的本質。
“子”字所代表的含義廣泛而全面，有“種子”、“子女”、“幼小”等意，沒有物性之分。因此，用“子”來表示和田玉卵石料，不僅能反映卵石料外形的特征，更從成因上體現了與山料的因果關系，“子料”是由母體奮力出來的玉石，在繼承了山料質地特征的同時，再經過河流搬運和長期沖刷等因素的結合下，成為和田玉的精華。
還有另外一個原因就是，玉是能夠經得起歲月的考驗，不會時來時走，忽有忽無。玉的堅貞永恒，代表了人們對愛情的向往：堅貞、永恒。用玉作為愛情信物，表達了人們對白頭偕老忠貞愛情的美好意愿。因此玉作為信物來說是能夠充分表達情人之間的各種情感。
Cultural value
Hotan jade is used to describe the good moral character of a gentleman, and it is often used as a token of love between lovers.
Generally speaking, "seed" refers to the seed of a plant, which contains the meaning of breeding and is a process of plant life. "Zai" mainly refers to animals. According to the pronunciation, it has two meanings: when reading "Zi", it means young; when reading "Zai", it generally refers to young people or animals. It is common to call Hetian jade's sub materials "baby materials" and "seed materials" at ordinary times. These two terms reflect the round shape and small size of Hetian jade's sub materials. However, after careful consideration, neither of these two terms can accurately reflect the essence of Hotan yuzicai.
The word "Zi" has a wide and comprehensive meaning, including "seed", "children", "young" and so on, without distinction of physical properties. Therefore, the use of "Zi" to represent Hetian jade oval stone not only reflects the characteristics of the shape of the oval stone, but also reflects the causal relationship with the mountain material from the cause of formation. The "material" is a jade which is strikled by the mother body. It inherits the texture characteristics of the mountain material and combines with the factors such as river transportation and long-term erosion to become the essence of Hetian jade.
Another reason is that jade is able to stand the test of the years. It doesn't come and go from time to time. Jade's constancy and eternity represent people's yearning for love: constancy and eternity. Jade is used as a love token to express people's good wishes of being faithful to love with each other. Therefore, as a keepsake, jade can fully express all kinds of feelings between lovers.
經濟價值
玉器的經濟價值是不言而喻的。玉器作為財富的標志，早在原始社會的良渚文化、紅山文化中就有表現。大型的墓葬中，作為陪葬的玉器就有幾十件甚至上百件，可見墓主是有權有勢、財富萬貫的首領。到奴隸社會，這種現象更加明顯，著名的安陽殷墟婦好墓、江西新干大墓等商代貴族和方國墓葬中，葬玉更是豐富，表明大的奴隸主貴族擁有貴重的玉器。到漢代，葬玉之風更加興盛，著名的漢代金縷玉衣、銀縷玉衣、銅縷玉衣就出自于此。另外最能表明玉器的經濟價值的是商代的玉幣，用玉作成貝形幣，作為商品交換的憑證，同時也有用玉直接交換或進貢的禮品。到了明清以后，玉器商品以成為一種行業，進行買賣交易。
economic value
The economic value of jade is self-evident. Jade, as a symbol of wealth, has been shown in Liangzhu Culture and Hongshan Culture of primitive society. Among the large-scale tombs, there are dozens or even hundreds of jade articles, which shows that the tomb owner is the leader with power, power and wealth. In the slave society, this phenomenon is more obvious. Among the famous tombs of the Shang Dynasty such as the tomb of Fuhao in the Yin Ruins of Anyang and the tomb of Xingan in Jiangxi, there are more abundant burial jade, which indicates that the great slave owner aristocrats have precious jade. By the Han Dynasty, the trend of jade burial was more prosperous, from which the famous Han Dynasty gold, silver and copper jade clothes came. In addition, the most obvious economic value of jade is the jade coins of the Shang Dynasty, which are used as the shell shaped coins as the evidence of commodity exchange, as well as the direct exchange or tribute gifts of jade. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, jade products became a kind of trade to trade.
歷史價值
新疆和田玉文化豐富了中華文明的歷史。有專家認為：探討史前古玉玉質及玉料的來源對研究中國玉器起源與發展有著十分重要的重要意義。在中國頗具影響的有紅山文化、良渚文化、凌家灘文化、仰韶文化、齊家文化、石家文化等，這些文化是過通玉石及其玉料來表現的，其來源是中國玉文化研究的重要內容。而其中的仰韶文化透閃石玉出自新疆，齊家文化包括龍山文化的透閃石玉也來自新疆和田。學者專家長期的爭論與研究已被史料和出土玉器的佐證說明，從理論推斷和預測發展到理譏論更新和定論。
historical value
Hetian jade culture in Xinjiang has enriched the history of Chinese civilization. Some experts believe that it is of great significance to study the origin and development of Chinese jade to explore the source of prehistoric jade and jade materials. In China, there are Hongshan culture, Liangzhu culture, Lingjiatan culture, Yangshao culture, Qijia culture, Shijia culture and so on. These cultures are expressed through jade and its materials, and their sources are important contents of the study of Chinese jade culture. Among them, the tremolite jade of Yangshao culture comes from Xinjiang, and the tremolite jade of Qijia culture including Longshan culture also comes from Hotan, Xinjiang. The argument and research of scholars and experts for a long time has been proved by historical materials and unearthed jade, which has developed from theoretical inference and prediction to theoretical and satirical renewal and conclusion.
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