藏品推薦：《圓明園十二獸首玉酒杯》
【名稱】《圓明園十二獸首玉酒杯》
【類別】玉器
【材質(zhì)】鍍金 和田玉
【規(guī)格】一套12枚
【藏品內(nèi)容】
十二生肖銅像由歐洲傳教士郎世寧主持設(shè)計(jì)，清宮廷匠師制作，是展現(xiàn)中西方文化交融的 藝術(shù)珍品，在國(guó)際上具有極高的藝術(shù)價(jià)值和鑒賞價(jià)值。設(shè)計(jì)者充分考慮到中國(guó)的民俗文化，以十二生肖的坐像取代了西方噴泉設(shè)計(jì)中常用的人體雕塑。生肖銅像身軀為石雕穿著袍服的造型，頭部為寫(xiě)實(shí)風(fēng)格造型，鑄工精細(xì)，獸首上的褶皺和絨毛等細(xì)微之處，都清晰逼真。鑄造獸首所選用的材料為當(dāng)時(shí)清廷精煉的紅銅，外表色澤深沉、內(nèi)蘊(yùn)精光，歷經(jīng)百年而不銹蝕，堪稱一絕。據(jù)考證，當(dāng)年十二生肖銅像呈八字形排列在圓明園海晏堂前的一個(gè)水池兩邊，被時(shí)人稱為“水力鐘”。每日，十二生肖銅像會(huì)依次輪流噴水，分別代表全日不同時(shí)分，正午時(shí)分時(shí)，十二像會(huì)同時(shí)涌射。海晏堂十二生肖噴泉是按照我國(guó)十二生肖設(shè)計(jì)的噴泉時(shí)鐘，每到一個(gè)時(shí)辰，屬于該時(shí)辰的生肖鐘就會(huì)自動(dòng)噴水，正午十二點(diǎn)時(shí)，十二生肖則同時(shí)噴水，設(shè)計(jì)極為精巧。海晏堂正樓朝西，上下各十一間，樓門(mén)左右有疊落式噴水槽，階下為一大型噴水池，池左右呈"八"字形排列著這十二生肖人身獸頭銅像。每晝夜十二個(gè)時(shí)辰，由十二生肖依次輪流噴水，俗稱"水力鐘"。
The bronze statue of the Chinese zodiac is designed by Lang shining, a European missionary, and produced by a craftsman in the Qing Dynasty. It is an art treasure showing the integration of Chinese and Western cultures, and has a high artistic value and appreciation value in the world. Taking Chinese folk culture into full consideration, the designer replaced the human body sculpture commonly used in Western fountain design with the sitting figure of the Chinese zodiac. The body of the bronze statue of the Chinese zodiac is the shape of a stone statue in a robe, and the head is the shape of a realistic style, with fine foundry work. The folds and fluff on the head of the animal are clear and lifelike. The material used to cast the beast head was red copper refined by the Qing government at that time. It had a deep color on the outside and a fine connotation. It had not rusted after a hundred years, which was a unique one. According to the research, the bronze statues of the twelve zodiac animals were arranged on both sides of a pool in front of the Haiyan Hall of the Yuanmingyuan in the shape of eight characters, which was called "hydraulic bell" by the time. Every day, the bronze statues of the Chinese Zodiac will spray water in turn, representing different times of the day. At noon, the twelve statues will shoot at the same time. Haiyantang twelve zodiac fountain is a fountain clock designed according to the twelve zodiac of our country. Every hour, the zodiac clock belonging to that hour will automatically spray water. At twelve noon, the twelve zodiac will spray water at the same time. The design is extremely exquisite. The main building of Haiyan hall faces to the west, with 11 upper and 11 lower rooms respectively. There are stacked water spouts on the left and right sides of the door. Under the steps is a large-scale water fountain. The bronze statues of human and animal heads of the twelve zodiac animals are arranged in an "eight" shape on the left and right sides of the fountain. Twelve hours every day and night, by the twelve zodiac in turn water spray, commonly known as "water clock."
十二生肖像原是在圓明園西洋樓，海晏堂前的扇形水池噴水臺(tái)南北兩岸12石臺(tái)上的。南岸分別為子鼠、寅虎、辰龍、午馬、申猴、戌狗；北岸則分別為丑牛、卯兔、巳蛇、未羊、酉雞、亥豬。這些肖像皆獸首人身，頭部為銅質(zhì)，身軀為石質(zhì)，中空連接噴水管，每隔一個(gè)時(shí)辰（兩小時(shí)），代表該時(shí)辰的生肖像，便從口中噴水；正午時(shí)分，十二生肖像口中同時(shí)涌射噴泉，蔚為奇觀。這些青銅生肖雕像高50公分，雕刻精細(xì)，為清代青銅器中的精品。
The twelve zodiac statues were originally on 12 stone platforms on the South and north sides of the fan-shaped water fountain in front of the Western Tower of the Yuanmingyuan and Haiyan hall. On the south bank are zirat, Yinhu, Chenlong, Wuma, Shenhou and Xugou; on the north bank are Chou Niu, Mao rabbit, Si snake, Wei Yang, Youji and Hai pig. These portraits are all animal heads and human bodies. Their heads are made of copper and their bodies are made of stone. They are hollow and connected with water pipes. Every other hour (two hours), they represent the Chinese zodiac at that time, and they spray water from their mouths. At noon, the mouth of the twelve Chinese Zodiac figures gushes into the fountain at the same time, which is a wonder. These bronze statues of the Chinese zodiac are 50 cm high, with fine carvings. They are the best of Qing Dynasty bronze wares.
池正中是一個(gè)高約兩米的蛤蜊石雕，池兩旁呈八字形各排出6個(gè)石座。每一座石上雕刻著身穿袍服的獸首人身像，獸首是銅質(zhì)，人身是石質(zhì)。它們按中國(guó)十二生肖規(guī)律排列，每隔一個(gè)時(shí)辰(合今天的兩小時(shí))，代表該時(shí)辰的獸首就口中噴水，水呈拋物線狀注入池中，即子時(shí)(23時(shí)至次日1時(shí))時(shí)分，鼠首銅像口中噴射水柱；丑時(shí)(1時(shí)至3時(shí))時(shí)分，牛首銅像口中噴射水柱。正午12點(diǎn)整，除馬首繼續(xù)噴水外，其他十一動(dòng)物銅像的口中也一齊噴射水柱，剎那間場(chǎng)面極為壯觀。因此，人們只要看到那個(gè)生肖頭像口中噴射水柱，就可知道時(shí)間。這一組噴泉就是一個(gè)巨大別致的水利時(shí)鐘。
In the middle of the pool is a clam stone carving about two meters high. On both sides of the pool, there are six stone bases in the shape of eight characters. Each stone is carved with the head of a beast in robes, which is made of copper and the body of a man is made of stone. They are arranged according to the law of the Chinese zodiac. Every other hour (two hours today), the animal head representing that time sprays water in its mouth, and the water is injected into the pool in a parabola shape. That is to say, at midnight (23 to 1 o'clock the next day), the rat head bronze statue spouts water in its mouth; at ugly time (1 to 3 o'clock), the cow head bronze statue spouts water in its mouth. At 12 o'clock noon, in addition to the horse's head continuing to spray water, the mouths of other 11 bronze animals also spray water together, which is a spectacular scene in an instant. As a result, people can know the time as long as they see the water jet from the mouth of the head portrait of the Chinese zodiac. This group of fountains is a huge unique water clock.
真正價(jià)值
法國(guó)佳士得拍賣(mài)行北京時(shí)間昨天凌晨在巴黎拍賣(mài)了中國(guó)圓明園流失文物鼠首和兔首銅像，兩個(gè)獸首分別以1400萬(wàn)歐元的價(jià)格被一電話買(mǎi)家買(mǎi)走。
面對(duì)這一拍賣(mài)結(jié)果，中國(guó)拍賣(mài)行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)副秘書(shū)長(zhǎng)鄭鑫堯昨天在接受記者采訪時(shí)表示，從1985年馬首銅像售價(jià)的1500美元到這次鼠首和兔首銅像分別拍出1400萬(wàn)歐元，圓明園獸首銅像24年漲了1.2萬(wàn)倍。僅僅從純粹的藝術(shù)品拍賣(mài)市場(chǎng)角度看，如今的價(jià)格也遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于這兩件文物的內(nèi)在價(jià)值。因此，他呼吁國(guó)人要警惕有人利用我們的民族感情進(jìn)行惡意商業(yè)炒作。
true value
Christie's auction house in France auctioned the bronze statues of rat head and rabbit head lost from the Chinese Old Summer Palace in Paris in the early morning of Beijing time yesterday. The two animal heads were bought by a telephone buyer for 14 million euros respectively.
In the face of the auction results, Zheng Xinyao, Deputy Secretary General of China Auction Industry Association, said in an interview yesterday that from the sale price of 1500 US dollars of horse head bronze statue in 1985 to the 14 million euros of rat head and rabbit head bronze statue respectively, the 24-year increase of 12000 times of Yuanmingyuan beast head bronze statue. Only from the perspective of pure art auction market, today's price is far greater than the intrinsic value of these two cultural relics. Therefore, he called on the Chinese people to be alert to the use of our national feelings for malicious commercial speculation.
據(jù)鄭鑫堯介紹，圓明園獸首銅像，又稱圓明園十二生肖銅獸首、圓明園十二生肖人身獸首銅像。圓明園獸首銅像原為圓明園海晏堂外噴泉的一部分，是清乾隆年間的紅銅鑄像，也是原圓明園噴水池中“水力鐘”的噴頭。該“水力鐘”的全稱為“十二生肖報(bào)時(shí)噴泉”。十二生肖獸首銅像呈“八”字形，分列在噴水池兩旁的人身石臺(tái)上。每個(gè)動(dòng)物就是一個(gè)噴泉機(jī)關(guān)，每到一個(gè)時(shí)辰，相應(yīng)的動(dòng)物口中就會(huì)噴水兩個(gè)小時(shí)。2009年2月25日 鼠首銅像被拍賣(mài)
上世紀(jì)80年代僅為1500美元
鄭鑫堯說(shuō)，1985年，一位美國(guó)古董商在加利福尼亞州一處私人住宅內(nèi)無(wú)意中發(fā)現(xiàn)了圓明園馬首銅像，和它在一起的還有牛首和虎首銅像。這位古董商以每尊1500美元的低價(jià)買(mǎi)下了這三件銅首。從1987年到1989年，這三件圓明園銅獸首以及猴首銅像相繼出現(xiàn)在紐約和倫敦的拍賣(mài)會(huì)上，當(dāng)時(shí)最高成交價(jià)是馬首，僅為25萬(wàn)美元。
According to Zheng Xinyao, the bronze statue of the beast head in Yuanmingyuan, also known as the bronze beast head of the twelve animals in Yuanmingyuan and the bronze statue of the human beast head of the twelve animals in Yuanmingyuan. The bronze statue of beast head in Yuanmingyuan was originally a part of the fountain outside the Haiyan Hall of Yuanmingyuan. It was made of red copper during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, and it was also the nozzle of the "water clock" in the fountain of Yuanmingyuan. The full name of the "water clock" is "the fountain for the time reporting of the Chinese Zodiac". The bronze statue of the animal head of the twelve zodiac animals is in the shape of "eight", which is arranged on the stone platform of human body on both sides of the fountain. Every animal is a fountain mechanism. Every hour, the corresponding animal mouth will spray water for two hours. On February 25, 2009, the bronze statue of rat head was auctioned
Only $1500 in the 1980s
Zheng Xinyao said that in 1985, an American antique dealer accidentally found a bronze statue of horse head in Yuanmingyuan in a private house in California, along with the bronze statues of ox head and tiger head. The antique dealer bought the three copper heads for $1500 each. From 1987 to 1989, the three bronze statues of Yuanmingyuan and monkey head appeared in the auctions in New York and London. At that time, the highest transaction price was horse head, only 250000 US dollars.
香港拍賣(mài)令國(guó)人認(rèn)識(shí)了圓明園獸首
2000年4月底和5月初，在香港佳士得和香港蘇富比的拍賣(mài)會(huì)上，牛首、猴首和虎首銅像現(xiàn)身。當(dāng)時(shí)，這兩家拍賣(mài)公司拍賣(mài)流失文物的做法，引起了中國(guó)香港和內(nèi)地社會(huì)各界的極大憤慨。最終中國(guó)保利集團(tuán)公司毅然參拍，以774.5萬(wàn)元港幣拍得牛首、818.5萬(wàn)元港幣競(jìng)得猴首，而虎首則以1544.475萬(wàn)港幣成交(價(jià)格均包含拍賣(mài)公司傭金)。
2007年9月初，蘇富比拍賣(mài)公司發(fā)布消息稱，將以“八國(guó)聯(lián)軍-圓明園遺物”專拍之名拍賣(mài)馬首銅像。消息傳出，各界嘩然。中華搶救流失海外文物專項(xiàng)基金率先發(fā)表聲明“堅(jiān)決反對(duì)公開(kāi)拍賣(mài)馬首銅像”，并提出應(yīng)以公益方式實(shí)現(xiàn)馬首回歸。關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻，港澳愛(ài)國(guó)企業(yè)家、國(guó)寶工程顧問(wèn)何鴻燊博士于9月20日拍賣(mài)會(huì)舉行之前以6910萬(wàn)元港幣購(gòu)得馬首銅像，并宣布將其捐贈(zèng)國(guó)家。唯一沒(méi)有拍賣(mài)公司介入、而是以公益方式回歸的是豬首銅像，不過(guò)也與何鴻燊有關(guān)。美國(guó)收藏家同意將豬首銅像轉(zhuǎn)讓給該專項(xiàng)基金。2003年9月，何鴻燊向該專項(xiàng)基金捐款人民幣600余萬(wàn)元將豬首銅像購(gòu)回。
Hong Kong auction has made Chinese people know the beast head of Yuanmingyuan
At the auction of Christie's and Sotheby's in Hong Kong at the end of April and the beginning of May 2000, bronze statues of ox head, monkey head and tiger head appeared. At that time, the two auction companies auctioned the lost cultural relics, which aroused great indignation from all walks of life in Hong Kong and Mainland China. In the end, Poly Group of China resolutely participated in the auction, winning Niushou with HK $7.745 million and houshou with HK $8.185 million, while hushou won with HK $15.4447 million (the price includes the Commission of the auction company).
At the beginning of September 2007, Sotheby's auction company announced that it would auction the bronze statue of horse head in the name of "the relics of Yuanmingyuan, the eighth allied army". When the news came out, there was a great uproar from all walks of life. China's special fund for salvaging lost overseas cultural relics took the lead in issuing a statement "resolutely opposed to the public auction of bronze statues of horse heads", and proposed that the return of horse heads should be realized by means of public welfare. At a crucial moment, Dr. ho hung Shen, a patriotic entrepreneur from Hong Kong and Macao and a consultant of the national treasure project, bought the bronze statue of horse head with HK $69.1 million before the auction on September 20 and announced that he would donate it to the country. The only one that did not involve auction companies but returned in a public interest way was the pig head bronze statue, which was also related to Mr Ho. American collectors agreed to transfer the pig head bronze statue to the special fund. In September 2003, Mr. ho donated more than 6 million yuan to the special fund to buy back the pig head bronze statue.
1400萬(wàn)歐元遠(yuǎn)大于文物真正價(jià)值何鴻燊將馬首銅像購(gòu)回
鄭鑫堯表示，這次鼠首和兔首銅像在巴黎分別拍出1400萬(wàn)歐元的價(jià)格從商業(yè)角度看，完全匪夷所思。著名文物專家、中國(guó)文物學(xué)會(huì)名譽(yù)會(huì)長(zhǎng)謝辰生昨天表示，鼠首和兔首銅像僅僅是建筑構(gòu)件，如果不跟圓明園聯(lián)系起來(lái)，如果不跟英法聯(lián)軍侵略聯(lián)系起來(lái)，價(jià)值就不可能是很高的。因?yàn)橛辛诉@個(gè)聯(lián)系，它就有了新的價(jià)值，這個(gè)價(jià)值就是國(guó)恥的見(jiàn)證。
中國(guó)文物學(xué)會(huì)副會(huì)長(zhǎng)李曉東昨天也認(rèn)為，圓明園獸首的價(jià)格完全是被炒作起來(lái)的。它們作為建筑構(gòu)件，離開(kāi)了建筑，其價(jià)值就大為降低，大打折扣了。所以它們不像一幅宋代很有名的畫(huà)和一尊商代很完整的青銅器那么有獨(dú)立的價(jià)值?，F(xiàn)在這樣的炒作，助長(zhǎng)了商人謀利的需求。所以說(shuō)，第一次拍賣(mài)，3尊銅像也就3000萬(wàn)元港幣左右。到了2007年，一個(gè)馬首就6910萬(wàn)元港幣，都是這么炒上去的。這次巴黎的拍賣(mài)，從商業(yè)運(yùn)作上來(lái)講，自然要高于6910萬(wàn)元港幣的這么一個(gè)價(jià)格。所以整個(gè)過(guò)程就是一種商業(yè)炒作，并不反映這兩件文物真正的價(jià)值。
14 million euros is far greater than the real value of cultural relics
Zheng Xinyao said that the price of 14 million euros for the bronze statues of mouse head and rabbit head in Paris was totally inconceivable from a commercial point of view. Xie Chensheng, a famous cultural relic expert and honorary president of the Chinese society of cultural relics, said yesterday that the bronze statues of rat head and rabbit head are only building components. If they are not connected with the Yuanmingyuan, if they are not connected with the invasion of the British and French allied forces, their value cannot be very high. Because of this connection, it has a new value, which is the witness of national humiliation.
Li Xiaodong, vice president of the Chinese society of cultural relics, also thought yesterday that the price of Yuanmingyuan's animal head was completely hyped. As building components, without buildings, their value will be greatly reduced. So they are not as valuable as a famous painting of Song Dynasty and a complete bronze ware of Shang Dynasty. Now such hype has encouraged the demand of businessmen for profits. So for the first auction, the three bronze statues cost about 30 million Hong Kong dollars. By 2007, a horse head was worth 69.1 million Hong Kong dollars, which is how it was fried. In terms of commercial operation, this auction in Paris is naturally higher than the price of HK $69.1 million. So the whole process is a kind of commercial hype, which does not reflect the real value of these two cultural relics.
銅像流失
在第二次鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，英法聯(lián)軍入侵中國(guó)，攻陷北京，將圓明園內(nèi)無(wú)數(shù)珍寶劫掠一空，掠走了十二個(gè)青銅獸首，致使這批國(guó)寶流失于海外一百多年。
十二生肖像是展現(xiàn)中西方文化交融的藝術(shù)珍品，在國(guó)際上具有極高的藝術(shù)價(jià)值和鑒賞價(jià)值。當(dāng)年侵略軍搶劫時(shí)，也是將其作為最珍貴的寶物對(duì)待的。得到它們的，也是有特殊身份的人。
1860年，英法聯(lián)軍燒毀圓明園，圓明園十二生肖銅像自此流失海外，成為中國(guó)文物流失的一個(gè)縮影——鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)后百余年間，因戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、搶掠、盜鑿等流失海外的中國(guó)文物多達(dá)百萬(wàn)件?！?/p>
Loss of bronze statue
In the second Opium War, the British and French allied forces invaded China and captured Beijing. They plundered all the treasures in the Old Summer Palace and took away twelve bronze animal heads, resulting in the loss of these national treasures overseas for more than 100 years.
The twelve zodiac statues are the art treasures that show the integration of Chinese and Western culture, and they have high artistic value and appreciation value in the world. When the invaders robbed, they also treated it as the most precious treasure. They are also acquired by people with special identities.
In 1860, the United Kingdom and France burned down the Old Summer Palace. Since then, the bronze statues of the twelve zodiac animals in the Old Summer Palace have been lost overseas, which has become a microcosm of the loss of Chinese cultural relics. During the hundred years after the Opium War, as a result of wars, looting, chiseling and other losses, there are as many as one million Chinese cultural relics lost overseas.
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