2019年瓷器精品推薦:明代哥窯

China's high-quality ceramic recommendation in 2019: Gothic kiln in the Ming Dynasty

廣東省錦恒博物館推出【藏·薦】欄，為藏品強大的傳播效應，向各位買家推薦經國家一級鑒定專家甄選的藝術臻品， 為藏品牽線搭橋，讓千百件藝術珍品價值被發掘與重視，讓藏品得以高價成交！

The Museum of Jinheng, Guangdong Province, introduced the[Tibetan Recommendation] column, which provides a powerful communication effect to the collection, and recommends to the buyers the art products selected by the appraisal experts at the national level, to bridge the collection, and to make the value of the treasure of the thousands of art treasures be found and attached, so that the collection can be carried out at a high price.

【名稱】明代哥窯

【規格】1件

【類別】瓷器

 

[name] GE kiln in Ming Dynasty

 

[specification] 1 piece

 

[category] porcelain

 

"哥窯"名列宋代五大名窯，在陶瓷史上有舉足輕重的地位。哥窯胎多紫黑色、鐵黑色、也有黃褐色。釉為失透的乳濁釉，釉面泛一層酥光，釉色以炒米黃、灰青多見，釉面大小紋片結合。

經染色后大紋片呈深褐色，小紋片為黃褐色，也稱'金絲鐵線'"墨紋梅花片""葉脈紋"'文武片'等。這是傳世哥窯的主要特征之一。器形有各式瓶、爐、尊、洗及碗、盆、碟等。多見仿古造型，底足制作不十分規整，釉面常見縮釉和棕眼。

而《中國陶瓷史》這樣敘述:

造型有各式瓶、爐、洗、盤、罐等。論胎有厚薄之分，其胎質有瓷胎和砂胎兩種，胎色有黑灰、深灰、淺灰、土黃多種色調，釉色也有粉青、月白、油灰、青黃各色。從時間上講，這里應有早晚之別，從產地說也有恐非一個瓷窯的作品，情況是比較復雜的。

記載"哥窯"的古文獻主要有:元代的《至正直記》，明代的《格古要論》、《遵生八箋》，清代的《博物要覽》以及明代的《浙江通志》等。但究竟哥窯窯址何在?性質如何?一直是陶瓷史研究中眾說紛紜、懸而未決的問題。

流傳于世的"哥窯"經典器大多源自清宮舊藏，由于這批器物與古文獻中的記載的"哥窯"特征不符，而且沒有考古資料佐證，因而造成了中國陶瓷史上最大的懸疑。

為區別于明、清文獻中所記載得哥窯(龍泉章生一窯)，宮中名為"哥窯"的傳世品，后世鑒賞家稱其為"傳世哥窯"。

The "gokiln" is the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty, and has a very important position in the history of ceramics.

After dyeing, the large grain is dark brown, the small pattern is tan, also known as' gold wire ', the "leaf vein"' Wenwu ', and so on. This is one of the main features of the Shikao kiln. It has various kinds of bottle, furnace, statue, washing and bowl, basin, dish and so on. The bottom of the foot is not very regular, and the glazed and brown eyes are common in the glaze.

and <China's ceramic history> such a description:

There are all kinds of bottles, stoves, washers, plates, cans and so on. There are two kinds of tire: porcelain tire and sand tire, the color of the tire is black gray, deep gray, light gray, soil yellow, glaze color also has pink green, moonlight, greasy, green yellow all kinds of colors, the color of tire is thick and thin, the quality of tire is porcelain tire and sand tire, the color of tire is black and gray, deep gray, light gray, soil yellow many kinds of hue. In terms of time, there should be a difference between morning and evening, and there are works that may not be a porcelain kiln from the place of origin, the situation is more complex.

The ancient documents of the "gokiln" are mainly: the <to the integrity of the Yuan Dynasty, the <Ganguan in the Ming Dynasty, the <Zunsheng Eight-paper>, the "Expo in the Qing Dynasty" and the "Zhejiang Tongzhi" in the Ming Dynasty. But where is the kiln site? What's the property? It has been a great and outstanding problem in the research of ceramic history.

Most of the "GE kiln" classics spread in the world originated from the old Tibet of the Qing Dynasty. Because these artifacts are inconsistent with the characteristics of the "GE kiln" recorded in the ancient literature, and there is no archaeological data to support it, it has caused the greatest suspense in the history of Chinese ceramics.

In order to distinguish it from the Ming Dynasty, the GE kiln (Longquan Zhangsheng one kiln) recorded in the Qing Dynasty was called the "GE kiln" in the palace, and later connoisseurs called it the "handed down brother kiln".

哥窯釉質純粹濃厚，不甚瑩澈，釉內多有氣泡，如珠隱現，故通稱"聚沫攢珠"。釉色寶光內蘊，潤澤如酥。紋片多種多樣，以紋道而稱之有鱔魚紋、黑藍紋、淺黃紋、魚子紋;以紋形而稱之有綱形紋、梅花紋、細碎紋、大小格紋、冰裂紋等，總名為百極碎。

 

GE kiln glaze is pure and thick, not very clear, there are many bubbles in the glaze, such as beads looming, so it is commonly known as "crowded beads." Glaze color treasure light connotation, moisturizing as crisp. There are a variety of stripes, known as eel lines, black and blue lines, light yellow lines, fish lines; in terms of grain patterns, plum blossom lines, fine broken lines, size grid lines, ice cracks and so on, the total name is hundred extreme broken.

宋代哥窯在后世備受人們青睞，元明清仿制者頗多，且各有風格，被稱為仿哥窯或哥釉，但其制作工藝已不能與宋代哥窯相媲美。清乾隆帝尤喜賞宋代哥窯，嘗欣然作詩贊云:

"鐵足圓腰冰裂紋，宣成踵此夫華紛。" 哥窯瓷造型端莊古樸，器身釉色滋潤腴厚，傳世者彌足珍貴，現主要藏于北京、上海、臺灣等地博物館。定窯以燒白瓷著稱，碗、盤制品多采用覆燒工藝，口沿澀胎無釉，故在一些精細的制品上常用金、銀、銅鈐口。鈞窯創造了以氧化銅、鈷等金屬礦物質為著色劑，燒制銅紅、天藍、月白等釉色。官瓷有別于汝官瓷，窯址先在開封，后遷杭州。官瓷藝術上追求質樸無華、淡雅自然;胎骨堅薄;釉色翠美清新;腴潤如脂;紋片縱橫，飄逸流暢;"紫口鐵足"是其獨特名貴處。

Song Dynasty GE kiln is favored by people in later generations. There are many imitators in Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, and each has its own style, which is called imitation brother kiln or brother glaze, but its production technology is no longer comparable to that of Song Dynasty brother kiln. Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty was happy to enjoy the Song Dynasty GE kiln and gladly wrote poems in praise of Yun:

"the iron foot round waist ice crack, Xuancheng ensued this husband Huayu." GE kiln porcelain styling dignified and simple, the glaze color moisturizing thick, handed down precious, now mainly hidden in Beijing, Shanghai, Taiwan and other museums. Ding kiln is famous for firing white porcelain, bowls and plates are mostly covered and unglazed along the edge of the mouth, so gold, silver and copper seals are commonly used in some fine products. Jun kiln created copper oxide, cobalt and other metal minerals as colorants to burn copper red, sky blue, moon white and other glaze colors. Official porcelain is different from your official porcelain, kiln site in Kaifeng, and then moved to Hangzhou. In the art of official porcelain, the pursuit of simplicity and elegance is natural; the fetal bone is thin; the glaze is beautiful and fresh. ; moisturizing as fat; stripes vertical and horizontal, elegant and smooth; Zikou iron foot is its unique and valuable place.

其一，哥窯釉屬無光釉，猶如"酥油"般的光澤，色調豐富多彩，有米黃、粉青、奶白諸色。

其二、"金絲鐵線"的紋樣，哥窯釉面有網狀開片，或重疊猶如冰裂紋，或成細密小開片("俗成百圾碎"或"龜子紋")，以"金絲鐵線"為典型，即較粗琉的黑色裂紋交織著細密的紅、黃色裂紋。明代《格古要論》中有這樣的描述:"哥窯紋取冰裂、鱔血為上，梅花片墨紋次之。細碎紋，紋之下也。"

其三、"攢珠聚球"般的釉中氣泡，哥窯器通常釉層很厚，最厚處甚至與胎的厚度相等，釉內含有氣泡，如珠隱現，猶如"聚沫攢珠"般的美韻，這是辨別真假哥窯器的一個傳統的方法。陶瓷界先輩孫瀛洲在其《元明清瓷器的鑒定》一文中說，官、哥釉氣泡密集似"攢珠"，是指哥窯釉內氣泡細密像顆顆小水珠一樣，滿布在器表上。這類特征不易模仿。

其四、"紫口鐵足"的風致，哥窯器坯體大都是紫黑色或棕黃色，器皿口部口邊緣釉薄處由于隱紋露出胎色而呈黃褐色，同時在底足未掛釉處呈現鐵黑色，由此，可以 概括出故有"紫口鐵足"之說，這也是區別真假哥窯器的傳統方法之一。

瓷器特征

開裂

哥釉瓷的重要特征是釉面開片，這是發生在釉面上的一種自然開裂現象。開裂原本是瓷器燒制中的缺陷，后來人們掌握了開裂的規律，有意識地讓它產生開片，從而產生了一種獨特的美感。宋代哥釉瓷釉質瑩潤，通體釉面被粗深或者細淺的兩種紋線交織切割，術語叫作"冰裂紋"，俗稱"金絲鐵線"。哥窯瓷土脈微紫，質薄，有油灰色、米色、粉青色三種瓷釉彩，表面滿裂紋。

因為土質含鐵量較高，燒胚時發生還原，瓷器胚呈紫黑鐵色，瓷器沒有涂釉的底部顯現瓷胚本來的鐵色，叫"鐵足"，而釉彩較薄的口部呈紫色，叫"紫口"，俗稱"紫口鐵足"。一般來說，大器小開片者和小器大開片者頗為珍貴。由于哥釉瓷細致、精美，以后各代對它都有仿造。特別是到了清代，還出現了一個仿哥釉瓷的高潮。到了清朝后期，哥釉明顯地不如清前期，顏色越來越深，開片越來越細碎，釉面甚至出現凹凸不平的疙瘩釉，胎質也變得疏松。

區分

哥窯瓷器從色澤區分，有月白、灰黃、粉青、灰青、油灰、深淺米黃等種類。哥窯瓷最顯著的特征，是釉色沉厚細膩，光澤瑩潤，如同凝脂;若置之于顯微鏡下，可見瓷釉中蘊含的氣泡如同聚沫串珠，凝膩的釉面間迸裂有大小不一，或密匝或疏落的冰裂狀網紋，其網紋之色淺黃者宛若金絲，細黑者如鐵線，二者互相交織，因而被名之為"金絲"、"鐵線"。宋代哥窯胎質堅細，瓷器口沿尖窄，厚釉在瓷器口沿不能存留，垂釉多在口沿邊稍下處形成略微凸出之環形帶，因口沿處胎骨略黯而被稱之為"紫口"，此為宋哥窯瓷之一絕，盡管以后歷代有許多仿宋哥窯，但在燒制上皆未能臻此絕藝。1992年，香港佳士得拍賣一件宋代哥窯"八方貫耳瓶"，雖然當時收藏界仍有人持不同看法，但其拍出價仍高達1000萬元以上。 哥窯釉質純粹濃厚，不甚瑩澈，釉內多有氣泡，如珠隱現，故通稱"聚沫攢珠"。

First, the Gothic glaze belongs to the dull glaze, like the "shortening"-like luster, the color is rich and colorful, the rice yellow, the powder green, the milk white color.

 

Second, the pattern of the "gold wire", the mesh-like opening of the Gobi glaze, or the overlap is like an ice crack, or a fine small-cut piece (as the "broken" or the "turtle"), and the "gold wire" is typical, that is, the black crack of the thicker iron wire is woven with fine red and yellow cracks. In the Ming Dynasty, there is such a description in the case of "Guanguan": the "In the gokiln, the ice crack is taken, and the blood is the upper part, and the plum blossom is the second place. It's fine. It's under the lines."

Third, in the "ball-gathering"-like glaze, the glaze layer is thick, the thickest is even the same as the thickness of the tire, the glaze contains air bubbles, such as the beads are hidden, it is like a bubble-like beauty, which is a traditional method for distinguishing between the true and the fake. The ceramic world's first generation, Sun Jizhou, said in a note in the porcelain in the Yuan and Qing Dynasty. "The dense-like "to save a pearl" of the gas bubble in the glaze of the imperial kiln means that the bubble in the inside of the kiln is fine, like a small water bead, and is full of cloth on the meter." This type of feature is not easy to imitate.

Fourth, "Zikou iron foot" caused by the wind, most of the kiln green body is purple-black or brown, the edge of the mouth of the utensils is yellow-brown because of the hidden lines exposed to the tire color, at the same time, there is iron black in the unhung glaze of the bottom foot, which is also one of the traditional methods to distinguish the true and false brother kiln utensils.

Porcelain characteristics

dehiscence

The important feature of the glaze porcelain is the open-sheet of the glaze, which is a kind of natural cracking phenomenon on the glaze surface. The cracking was originally a defect in the firing of the porcelain, and later people have mastered the law of cracking, consciously making it open, thus creating a unique aesthetic feeling. In the Song Dynasty, the enamel of the glazed porcelain of the Song Dynasty is clear, and the glaze of the body of the body is cut by two kinds of grain lines which are thick or shallow, and the term is called the "ice crack", commonly known as the "gold wire". There are three kinds of porcelain-glaze colors, such as oil-gray, rice-color and powder-cyan, and the surface is full of cracks.

Because the soil contains high iron content, the porcelain embryo is reduced when burning the embryo, the porcelain embryo is purple and black iron, the porcelain does not have the glazed bottom to show the original iron color of the porcelain embryo, called "iron foot", and the thin mouth of glaze color is purple, called "purple mouth", commonly known as "purple mouth iron foot". Generally speaking, the big chip opener and the small device big chip opener are very precious. Because the glazed porcelain is meticulous and exquisite, it will be copied from generation to generation. Especially in the Qing Dynasty, there was also the most wonderful part of imitating brother glazed porcelain. In the late Qing Dynasty, the GE glaze was obviously not as good as the early Qing Dynasty, the color was darker and darker, the opening piece was more and more fine, the glaze even appeared rugged keloid glaze, and the foetal quality also became Loose.

discriminate

 

GE kiln porcelain is distinguished from color, including moon white, gray yellow, pink green, gray green, oil ash, deep and light rice yellow and so on. The most prominent feature of GE kiln porcelain is that the glaze color is thick and delicate, the luster is bright and moist, like condensed grease; if placed under the microscope, it can be seen that the bubbles contained in the porcelain glaze are like foam beads, there are different sizes between the greasy glaze, or dense turns or sparse ice crack mesh, the color of the mesh is light yellow like gold wire, and the two are intertwined with each other, so they are called "gold wire" and "iron wire". In Song Dynasty, the foetal quality of GE kiln was strong and thin, the edge of porcelain mouth was narrow, the thick glaze could not be retained at the edge of porcelain, and the vertical glaze was formed slightly below the edge of the mouth. The slightly protruding ring belt is called "Zikou" because of the slightly dark bone along the mouth, which is one of the porcelain in Song Dynasty. Although there have been many imitating Song kilns in the later dynasties, they have not been able to achieve this absolute skill in firing. In 1992, Christie's, Hong Kong, auctioned a Song Dynasty GE kiln "eight-square ear bottle". Although some people in the collection community still held different views at that time, its bid was still as high as more than 10 million yuan. GE kiln glaze is pure and thick, not very clear, there are many bubbles in the glaze, such as beads looming, so it is commonly known as "crowded beads."

 

 

古為今用,古今共賞

集古今雅賞,供八方玩家 

泱泱華夏文明，赫赫盛世文玩

攬天下百世精品,閱世間眾生萬象

 

此藏品將于2019年持續展示中！！！

This collection will continue to be displayed in 2019!

 

官方鑒定互動微信號: 13989410676 學習交流交易古玩古董,弘揚中國傳統文化

咨詢熱線:胡先生13989410676(電話微信同號)

 

The official appraisal interactive micro-signal:13989410676 learns to exchange and deal with antique, carry forward the Chinese traditional culture

 

Consulting hotline: Mr. Hu 13989410676 (phone WeChat)

 

賣家需知

1、有意向想在此平臺展出藏品的可以與下面聯系方式溝通。

2、有個別藏友需要單獨100家媒體推薦以及個人專刊的，需要注明。

（留下藏品信息，藏品圖片，藏主聯系方式）

 

 Seller needs to know

1. If you are interested in exhibiting on this platform, you can communicate with the contact information below.

2. If there are individual 100 friends who need a separate media recommendation and a personal special issue, they need to be noted.

(Leave the collection information, the collection picture, the contact information of the owner)

 

買家需知

1、買家可直接與本平臺客服聯系。

2.凡是在此平臺征選購買的藏品，日后再出手時，可免費進行轉讓信息發布，助您一臂之力。

 

Buyers need to know

1. The buyer can directly contact the customer service of this platform.

2. Anyone who chooses to purchase the collection on this platform, and then release the information for free, will help you to release the information for free.

 

推廣媒體

Ⅰ、環球財經網 Ⅱ、新浪網  Ⅲ、鳳凰網  Ⅳ、網易

Ⅴ、雅昌網  Ⅵ、中國頭條  Ⅶ、今日頭條  

Ⅷ、微信公眾平臺  Ⅸ、搜狐網等至少80家媒體宣傳

 

Promotion media

I, Global Finance Network II, Sina Network III, Phoenix Network IV, NetEase

V, Yachang Net VI, China Headlines VII, Today's headlines

VIII, WeChat public platform IX, Sohu.com and other at least 80 media promotion

 

 

征集范圍：

[陶瓷] 高古瓷、元明清瓷器、民國名瓷、現代毛瓷及大師精品瓷器，紫砂壺。

 

[玉石] 古玉、明清玉、現代玉、翡翠、田黃、雞血石。

 

[字畫] 歷代名人名家書畫、現當代書畫、各派系名家字畫。

 

[雜項] 古籍善本、金銀銅器、奇石雕件、文房用品、佛像。

 

[家具] 明清各種材質的硬木家具，以紫檀、海南黃花梨及金絲楠木等名貴材料為主。

 

Collection range:

[Ceramic] Gaogu Porcelain, Yuan Mingqing Porcelain, Republic of China, Modern Porcelain and Master Fine Porcelain, Zisha Pot.

 

[Jade] Ancient jade, Ming and Qing jade, modern jade, jade, Tianhuang, bloodstone.

 

[Words and Calligraphy] Famous celebrity paintings and calligraphy, modern and contemporary paintings, and various factions and calligraphy.

 

[Miscellaneous] Ancient books, gold and silver bronzes, stone carvings, stationery, Buddha statues.

 

[Furniture] The hardwood furniture of various materials in the Ming and Qing Dynasties is mainly composed of precious materials such as red sandalwood, Hainan huanghuali and golden nanmu.