景泰藍(lán)（Cloisonne），中國(guó)的著名特種金屬工藝品類之一，到明代景泰年間這種工藝技術(shù)制作達(dá)到了最巔峰，制作出的工藝品最為精美而著名，故后人稱這種金屬器為“景泰藍(lán)”。景泰藍(lán)正名“銅胎掐絲琺瑯”，俗名“琺藍(lán)”，又稱“嵌琺瑯”，是一種在銅質(zhì)的胎型上，用柔軟的扁銅絲，掐成各種花紋焊上，然后把琺瑯質(zhì)的色釉填充在花紋內(nèi)燒制而成的器物 。因其在明朝景泰年間盛行，制作技藝比較成熟，使用的琺瑯釉多以藍(lán)色為主，故而得名“景泰藍(lán)”。
Cloisonne, one of China's famous special metal crafts, reached its peak in the Ming dynasty when it was made, producing the most exquisite and famous crafts, so it was later called "cloisonne". Cloisonne is officially called "copper cloisonne enamel" and its common name is "enamel blue", also known as "inlay enamel". It is a kind of utensil made of soft flat copper wire, which is welded into various patterns, and then enamel colored glaze is filled into the patterns and fired. Due to its popularity during the Ming dynasty's cloisonne period and its relatively mature manufacturing techniques, the enamel glaze used was mostly blue, hence the name cloisonne.
【藏品名稱】: 景泰藍(lán)蓮紋渣斗
"Name of Collection": Cloisonne Lotus Pattern Slag Bucket
【類別】：瓷器
[Category]: Porcelain
“景泰藍(lán)”這個(gè)稱謂最先見(jiàn)于清宮造辦處檔案。1728年《各作成做活計(jì)清檔》記載：“五月初五日，據(jù)圓明園來(lái)貼內(nèi)稱，本月四日，怡親王郎中海望呈進(jìn)活計(jì)內(nèi)，奉旨：……琺瑯葫蘆式馬褂瓶花紋群仙祝壽，花籃春盛亦俗氣。今年琺瑯海棠式盆再小，孔雀翎不好，另做。其仿景泰藍(lán)琺瑯瓶花不好。欽此。”這一記載，把仿景泰藍(lán)時(shí)期的琺瑯制品稱作“景泰藍(lán)琺瑯”，這是目前所見(jiàn)"景泰藍(lán)"稱謂的最早文字記錄。
The appellation "cloisonne" was first found in the archives of the Qing dynasty palace construction office. In 1728, it was recorded in the "Qing File of Work Made by Each Party": On the 5th of May, according to the inscription in the Yuan Ming Yuan, Prince Yi Langzhong Hai Wang presented his work on the 4th of this month and received a decree: …… The enamel gourd-type mandarin jacket bottle pattern group of immortals celebrated their birthday, and the flower basket chun sheng was also vulgar. This year the enamel Haitang basin is smaller, but the peacock feathers are not good. Do something else. Its imitation cloisonne enamel vase is not good. Qin this. " According to this record, enamel products made during the period of imitation cloisonne are called "cloisonne enamel", which is the earliest written record of the appellation of "cloisonne".
關(guān)于景泰藍(lán)的起源，考古界至今沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的答案。一種觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為景泰藍(lán)誕生于唐代；另一種說(shuō)法是元代忽必烈西征時(shí)，從西亞、阿拉伯一帶傳進(jìn)中國(guó)，先在云南一帶流行，后得到京城人士喜愛(ài)，才傳入中原。但有一點(diǎn)是學(xué)術(shù)界公認(rèn)：明代宣德年間是中國(guó)景泰藍(lán)制作工藝優(yōu)點(diǎn)，并達(dá)到了一個(gè)新的頂峰時(shí)期，“景泰藍(lán)”一詞也從此誕生。釉色均肥，絲工粗獷，飾紋豐富。
As for the origin of cloisonne, there is still no unified answer in the archaeological field. One view holds that cloisonne was born in Tang Dynasty. Another argument is that Kublai Khan came to China from west Asia and Arabia during the western expedition in the yuan dynasty. it first became popular in Yunnan and was loved by people in Beijing before it was introduced to the central plains. However, one thing is generally acknowledged in the academic circles: during the reign of Xuande in the Ming dynasty, it was the advantage of Chinese cloisonne making technology and reached a new peak period, from which the word cloisonne was born. The glaze color is all fat, the silk work is straightforward, and the decorative pattern is rich.
北京是中國(guó)景泰藍(lán)的發(fā)祥地，也是最為重要的產(chǎn)地。北京景泰藍(lán)以典雅雄渾的造型、繁富的紋樣、清麗莊重的色彩著稱，給人以圓潤(rùn)堅(jiān)實(shí)、細(xì)膩工整、金碧輝煌、繁花似錦的藝術(shù)感受，成為馳名世界的傳統(tǒng)手工藝品。景泰藍(lán)工藝的藝術(shù)特點(diǎn)可用形、紋、色、光四字來(lái)概括。一件精美的景泰藍(lán)器皿，首先要有良好的造型，這取決于制胎；還要有優(yōu)美的裝飾花紋，這決定于掐絲；華麗的色彩決定于藍(lán)料的配制；輝煌的光澤完成于打磨和鍍金。所以，它是集美術(shù)、工藝、雕刻、鑲嵌、玻璃熔煉、冶金等專業(yè)技術(shù)為一體，具有鮮明的民族風(fēng)格和深刻文化內(nèi)涵，是最具北京特色的傳統(tǒng)手工藝品之一。
Beijing is the birthplace of Chinese cloisonne and the most important place of production. Beijing cloisonne is famous for its elegant and forceful shape, rich patterns and clear and solemn colors. It gives people the artistic feeling of roundness, solidity, delicacy, resplendence and profusion of flowers. It has become a traditional handicraft well-known in the world. The artistic features of cloisonne craft can be summarized in four characters: shape, pattern, color and light. A delicate cloisonne vessel must first have a good shape, which depends on the making of the fetus. There is also a beautiful decorative pattern, which depends on filigree. Gorgeous colors depend on the preparation of blue materials. Brilliant gloss is achieved by polishing and gilding. Therefore, it is a collection of arts, crafts, sculpture, inlay, glass melting, metallurgy and other professional technologies, with distinctive national style and profound cultural connotation, and is one of the most traditional handicrafts with Beijing characteristics.
景泰藍(lán)曾是明、清兩代宮廷名貴重器，當(dāng)年宮里專設(shè)生產(chǎn)景泰藍(lán)的機(jī)構(gòu)，明代由內(nèi)務(wù)府監(jiān)造局掌管，清代由宮廷造辦處內(nèi)專門設(shè)有的“琺瑯作”，專司景泰藍(lán)制作。景泰藍(lán)名貴一時(shí)，是皇家和王府的專用品，尋常百姓家里是見(jiàn)不著的。皇帝偶爾把它作為贈(zèng)品賞給大臣，王公大臣以家里能擺件景泰藍(lán)而炫耀恩寵和尊貴。因此，景泰藍(lán)“比珠寶玉石更珍貴”。極具收藏價(jià)值。
Cloisonne was once a famous and valuable instrument in the Ming and Qing dynasties. in those days, the palace was specially set up to produce cloisonne. in the Ming dynasty, the supervision bureau of the internal affairs office was in charge. in the Qing dynasty, the "enamel work" specially set up in the palace construction office was specially set up to produce cloisonne. Cloisonne is rare for a while and is a special product of the royal family and the palace. It is not seen in ordinary people's homes. The emperor occasionally gave it as a gift to the ministers, who showed off their grace and honor by decorating cloisonne at home. Therefore, cloisonne is "more precious than jewels and jade". It has great collection value.
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