盛世古董下的清代宮廷暖爐精品推薦
成都博古軒拍賣有限公司【藏.薦】欄 為藏品強大的傳播效應向各位買家推薦經國家一級鑒定專家甄選的藝術珍品,為藏家牽線搭橋,讓千百件藝術珍品價值被發掘與重視,在拍賣會上得以高價成交。
Chengdu Boguxuan Auction Co., Ltd. [Tibet. Recommendation] column recommends art treasures selected by experts at the first level of national appraisal to buyers for the powerful dissemination effect of the collection. It helps collectors to bridge the gap, so that the value of thousands of art treasures can be excavated and valued, and high prices can be concluded at the auction.
【名稱】：清代宮廷暖爐
【規格】 ：上口：135.4mm 底部：16.5mm 重：1249g
[Name]: Palace Heating Furnace in Qing Dynasty
[Specification] Top: 135.4mm Bottom: 16.5mm Weight: 1249g
手爐的制作工藝，在明清時期達到了最高峰。晚明的嘉興名匠張鳴岐，就是一代制爐頂級名家，他的作品人稱“張爐”，花紋精細、銅質勻凈，堪稱工藝品中的瑰寶。尤其不可思議的是縱然爐中炭火燒得再旺，卻毫不燙手，其熱量恰到好處，讓使用者倍感舒適，可見其登峰造極。以至于當時的大畫家項墨林大加贊嘆，專請張鳴岐為他制爐，于是 “張爐”的聲譽響徹了大江南北。到了清代，手爐傳入皇宮后一躍成為御用品而身價百倍，其制作工藝更加多姿多彩，材質多了漆器、琺瑯等品種，工藝上還采用了掐絲琺瑯。民國時期的手爐，其制作趨于簡單，形狀和紋飾開始單一化。后來隨著時代的發展，新式取暖工具不斷涌現，手爐漸漸地退出了大眾的生活舞臺。
如今收藏工藝精巧的手爐，多是享受賞玩之樂。玩賞的方式可以有許多種，一是拿在手中盤玩，日久之后手爐會變得更加古樸光潤。二是與香爐、熏爐等一起來陳列觀賞。三是可用來插花，以增添玩爐的情趣。
過去的讀書人，冬天在私塾或書房里讀書，手腳會很冷，以致妨礙書寫繪畫；官宦貴人，冬天上衙門辦公或出門訪友，乘車坐轎也不能烤火取暖。于是有人設計了一種專門捧在手上取暖、卻不會燒壞周遭物品的手爐，在后來成為文房、民間乃至舊時宮廷廣泛使用的取暖用具。
手爐，形制如小瓜大小，可隨手提動，這就比火盆、火炕等取暖工具方便得多。且古代人寬袖大袍，手爐可置于袖中或懷中帶著，所以又有“袖爐”、“捧爐”的雅稱，也親昵不少。過去的讀書人，有了手爐，就能暖手疏血，書寫繪畫兩不誤，正是“縱使詩家寒到骨，陽春腕底已生姿”。
據說，手爐的出現啟發自火爐、火盆。但不同于火爐無炳，只能圍爐夜話，手爐大都有提梁，且小巧玲瓏，高、長和寬度不過幾厘米到十幾厘米，與精巧的紫砂壺略有類似，也算是盈盈可握了。手爐的結構很簡單，由爐身、爐底、爐蓋(爐罩)、提梁(提柄)組成。爐身有兩層，分外殼和內膽。內膽多為銅制，內放燃炭，以產生熱氣，而外殼包裹內膽，既能保存內膽的熱量，又能通過內外兩層之間的空氣傳導，將熱量由內膽口沿上的鏤空爐蓋(爐罩)散發出來。爐火不會一蓋即滅，又不會太旺、撫之燙手。還能透過蓋子的空隙，侍弄炭火，散熱原理相當高明。
早期的爐身較為簡陋，還留有鑄瘤等痕跡。想來，先人們冬日嚴寒，一爐在手，先解決過冬問題再說，美觀倒在其次了。或許在后來，手爐愈來愈熟悉，且年年冬季必隨先人們左右時，先人們才有了“美化”它的心思。
于是，手爐原先以圓形和橢圓形最常見，后又出現了八角形、方形、腰形、花籃形、南瓜形、梅花形、海棠形、龜背形等形狀，更是讓盈握感充足。而作為散熱區的爐蓋，也常常是手藝人窮極工巧的發揮區域，他們將各種精美的幾何圖形，雕琢得猶如古典園林中的花墻鏤窗一般雅致，像五蝶捧壽、梅蘭竹菊、喜鵲繞梅等眾多紋形和素材都曾用到，又能與氣孔完美結合在一起；而爐身，手藝人也不會“浪費”，常雕鏤鏨刻著山水人物與花鳥奇珍的圖畫，有的甚至還使用了錯金錯銀、燒藍及鑲嵌銀絲等特種工藝，使手爐爐身上的圖畫更具立體感，更加光彩耀人；也有將詩書畫印刻于其上，使手爐一躍而成了很多文人的案頭清玩。
手爐，儼然成了既實用又能欣賞的藝術品，它們曾陪伴多少清貧的文人度過寒冷的耿耿長夜，又在枯燥的讀書生涯中，平添了幾許“紅袖添香添暖”的溫情。
The production technology of the hand stove reached its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Zhang Mingqi, a famous craftsman in Jiaxing in the late Ming Dynasty, is a top-ranking master of furnace making. His works are called "Zhang Furnace". They have fine patterns and uniform copper, which can be regarded as a gem in handicraft. Especially incredible is that even if the stove burns charcoal again vigorously, but not hot hands, its heat is just right, so that users feel more comfortable, it can be seen that its peak. As a result, the great painter Xiang Meilin praised him and invited Zhang Mingqi to make stoves for him, so the reputation of "Zhang Furnace" was well known in the north and south of the Yangtze River. In the Qing Dynasty, the handstove was introduced into the Imperial Palace and became a royal article with a price of 100 times. Its production process was more colorful, the material was more lacquerware, enamel and other varieties, and the enamel was also used in the process. During the period of the Republic of China, the production of hand stoves tended to be simple, and the shape and decoration began to be simplified. Later, with the development of the times, new heating tools continue to emerge, and hand stoves gradually withdraw from the public life stage.
Nowadays, the handicraft stoves are mostly enjoyed. There are many ways to enjoy it. One is to play with a tray in hand. Over time, the stove will become more simple and smooth. The second is to display with incense burners and smoking furnaces. Third, it can be used to arrange flowers to increase the fun of playing with stoves.
In the past, when people read in private schools or study in winter, their hands and feet would be very cold, which would hinder their writing and painting; when officials and nobles went to the Yamen office or visited friends in winter, they could not heat themselves by car or sedan chair. So someone designed a kind of hand stove which was held in hand to keep warm, but could not burn the surrounding articles. It became a widely used heating appliance in the study, the folk and even the old court.
The hand stove, shaped like a small melon, can be handled at will, which is much more convenient than the fire basin, fire Kang and other heating tools. And the ancient people's wide-sleeved robes, hand stoves can be placed in the sleeves or bosom with, so there are "sleeve stoves" and "holding stoves" nicknamed, but also intimate. In the past, when a reader had a hand stove, he could warm his hands and dredge blood, and write and paint correctly. It was precisely "even if a poet is cold to the bone, the bottom of his wrist has taken shape in spring".
It is said that the emergence of hand stoves inspired from stoves and braziers. But unlike the stove without stove, it can only talk around the stove at night. Most of the stoves have lifting beams, and they are small and exquisite. Their height, length and width are only a few centimeters to a dozen centimeters. They are slightly similar to the delicate purple clay pot, and they are also very handy. The structure of the hand furnace is very simple. It consists of the hearth, bottom, cover (hood) and lifting beam (handle). The furnace body has two layers, which are shell and inner liner. The inner gallbladder is mostly made of copper. The inner gallbladder is fired with charcoal to generate hot gas. The outer shell encapsulates the inner gallbladder, which not only preserves the heat of the inner gallbladder, but also conducts the heat through the air between the inner and outer layers. The heat is emitted from the hollow furnace cover (hood) along the inner gallbladder mouth. The fire will not be extinguished as soon as it is covered, nor will it be too vigorous and hot to touch. It can also serve the charcoal fire through the gap of the lid, and the principle of heat dissipation is quite clever.
In the early stage, the furnace body was relatively simple, and there were still traces of cast tumors. Think of it, first people in the cold winter, a stove in hand, first to solve the winter problem, then, beauty is in the second place. Perhaps later, the hand stove became more and more familiar, and every winter must be left and right with the ancestors, the ancestors had the idea of "beautifying" it.
As a result, the hand stove was originally round and ellipse-shaped, and then appeared octagonal, square, waist-shaped, flower basket-shaped, pumpkin-shaped, plum-shaped, crabapple-shaped, turtle-shaped and other shapes, which made the sense of full grip. As a heat sink area, the furnace cover is often the area where craftsmen are extremely skillful. They carve out all kinds of exquisite geometric figures as elegant as the flower walls and windows in classical gardens. Many patterns and materials, such as five butterflies holding longevity, plum orchid, bamboo chrysanthemum and magpie winding plum, have been used and can be perfectly combined with stomata. And the furnace body, craftsmen will not "waste", often carved with pictures of landscape figures and rare flowers and birds, and some even used special crafts such as wrong gold and silver, burning blue and inlaid silver wire, so that the paintings on the furnace body have a more three-dimensional sense, more brilliant; and there are also poems and books engraved on it, so as to make the stove more glorious. In a leap, it has become a playful desk for many literati.
Hand stoves have become both practical and appreciable works of art. They have accompanied many impoverished literati through the long cold nights, and added some warmth of "red sleeves add fragrance and warmth" to their dull reading career.
