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一、簡介

在上一篇文章中,我們詳細的介紹了RestTemplate工具類的用法,相比直接使用Apache的HttpClient進行網絡傳輸,采用RestTemplate開發代碼確實簡化了很多,甚至可以做到傻瓜式操作,但是基于當前的團隊人員開發習慣,我們可不可以繼續基于RestTemplate再做一層封裝呢?以便于操作Http網絡請求,更加簡單、便捷!

答案是肯定的!

本文要介紹的這個工具類,就是小編基于RestTemplate做了一層代碼封裝,里面涵蓋了GET、POST、PUT、DELETE、文件上傳與下載等等方法,同時支持自定義頭部傳參,通過靈活的傳參,可以滿足絕大部分業務場景下的網絡請求場景!

同時,在上一篇介紹RestTemplate的《真不是我吹,Spring里這款牛逼的網絡工具庫我估計你都沒用過!》文章里,我們還漏掉了一個最常用的場景,假如返回的對象,是一個范型類型,該怎么處理?

在本篇的文章里,我們也會詳細的介紹這種問題的處理方法!

廢話也不多說,直接上代碼,希望對網友們能有所幫助!

二、代碼實踐

下面以SpringBoot項目為例,如果是Spring項目,操作也類似,在配置類初始化的時候,實例化一個RestTemplate。

  • 首先添加httpclient依賴包,作為RestTemplate底層客戶端
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
    <artifactId>httpclient</artifactId>
    <version>4.5.6</version>
</dependency>
  • 接著創建一個配置,初始化RestTemplate
@Configuration
public class HttpConfiguration {


    /**
     * 沒有實例化RestTemplate時,初始化RestTemplate
     * @return
     */
    @ConditionalOnMissingBean(RestTemplate.class)
    @Bean
    public RestTemplate restTemplate(){
        RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate(getClientHttpRequestFactory());
        return restTemplate;
    }

    /**
     * 使用HttpClient作為底層客戶端
     * @return
     */
    private ClientHttpRequestFactory getClientHttpRequestFactory() {
        int timeout = 5000;
        RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom()
                .setConnectTimeout(timeout)
                .setConnectionRequestTimeout(timeout)
                .setSocketTimeout(timeout)
                .build();
        CloseableHttpClient client = HttpClientBuilder
                .create()
                .setDefaultRequestConfig(config)
                .build();
        return new HttpComponentsClientHttpRequestFactory(client);
    }
}
  • 然后,創建一個HttpTemplate工具類,將其生命周期交給Spring管理
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.core.ParameterizedTypeReference;
import org.springframework.http.*;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.util.LinkedMultiValueMap;
import org.springframework.util.MultiValueMap;
import org.springframework.web.client.RequestCallback;
import org.springframework.web.client.ResponseExtractor;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;

import JAVA.net.URI;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Objects;

@Component
public class HttpTemplate {

    private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HttpTemplate.class);


    @Autowired
    private RestTemplate restTemplate;

    /**
     * get請求,返回響應實體(響應業務對象不支持范型)
     * 支持restful風格
     * @param url
     * @param headers
     * @param responseType
     * @param uriVariables
     * @param <T>
     * @return
     */
    public <T> T get(String url, Map<String, String> headers, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables){
        ResponseEntity<T> rsp = commonExchange(url, HttpMethod.GET, new HttpEntity<>(createHeaders(headers)), responseType, uriVariables);
        return buildResponse(rsp);
    }


    /**
     * get請求,返回響應實體(響應業務對象支持范型)
     * 支持restful風格
     * @param url
     * @param headers
     * @param responseType
     * @param uriVariables
     * @param <T>
     * @return
     */
    public <T> T get(String url, Map<String, String> headers, ParameterizedTypeReference<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables){
        ResponseEntity<T> rsp = commonExchange(url, HttpMethod.GET, new HttpEntity<>(createHeaders(headers)), responseType, uriVariables);
        return buildResponse(rsp);
    }

    /**
     * post請求,form表單提交(響應業務對象不支持范型)
     * 支持restful風格
     * @param url
     * @param headers
     * @param paramMap
     * @param responseType
     * @param uriVariables
     * @param <T>
     * @return
     */
    public <T> T postByFrom(String url, Map<String, String> headers, Map<String, Object> paramMap, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables){
        //指定請求頭為表單類型
        HttpHeaders httpHeaders = createHeaders(headers);
        httpHeaders.setContentType(MediaType.AppLICATION_FORM_URLENCODED);
        ResponseEntity<T> rsp = commonExchange(url, HttpMethod.POST, new HttpEntity<>(createBody(paramMap), httpHeaders), responseType, uriVariables);
        return buildResponse(rsp);
    }

    /**
     * post請求,form表單提交(響應業務對象支持范型)
     * 支持restful風格
     * @param url
     * @param headers
     * @param paramMap
     * @param responseType
     * @param uriVariables
     * @param <T>
     * @return
     */
    public <T> T postByFrom(String url, Map<String, String> headers, Map<String, Object> paramMap, ParameterizedTypeReference<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables){
        //指定請求頭為表單類型
        HttpHeaders httpHeaders = createHeaders(headers);
        httpHeaders.setContentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_FORM_URLENCODED);
        ResponseEntity<T> rsp = commonExchange(url, HttpMethod.POST, new HttpEntity<>(createBody(paramMap), httpHeaders), responseType, uriVariables);
        return buildResponse(rsp);
    }


    /**
     * post請求,json提交(響應業務對象不支持范型)
     * 支持restful風格
     * @param url
     * @param headers
     * @param request
     * @param responseType
     * @param uriVariables
     * @param <T>
     * @return
     */
    public <T> T postByJson(String url, Map<String, String> headers, Object request, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables){
        //指定請求頭為json類型
        HttpHeaders httpHeaders = createHeaders(headers);
        httpHeaders.setContentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8);
        ResponseEntity<T> rsp = commonExchange(url, HttpMethod.POST, new HttpEntity<>(request, httpHeaders), responseType, uriVariables);
        return buildResponse(rsp);
    }

    /**
     * post請求,json提交(響應業務對象支持范型)
     * 支持restful風格
     * @param url
     * @param headers
     * @param request
     * @param responseType
     * @param uriVariables
     * @param <T>
     * @return
     */
    public <T> T postByJson(String url, Map<String, String> headers, Object request, ParameterizedTypeReference<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables){
        //指定請求頭為json類型
        HttpHeaders httpHeaders = createHeaders(headers);
        httpHeaders.setContentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8);
        ResponseEntity<T> rsp = commonExchange(url, HttpMethod.POST, new HttpEntity<>(request, httpHeaders), responseType, uriVariables);
        return buildResponse(rsp);
    }

    /**
     * post請求,json提交,重定項
     * 支持restful風格
     * @param url
     * @param headers
     * @param request
     * @param uriVariables
     * @return
     */
    public String postForLocation(String url, Map<String, String> headers, Object request, Object... uriVariables){
        //指定請求頭為json類型
        HttpHeaders httpHeaders = createHeaders(headers);
        httpHeaders.setContentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8);
        URI uri = restTemplate.postForLocation(url, new HttpEntity<>(request, httpHeaders), uriVariables);
        if(Objects.nonNull(uri)){
            return uri.toString();
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * put請求,json提交(響應業務對象不支持范型)
     * @param url
     * @param headers
     * @param request
     * @param uriVariables
     */
    public <T> T put(String url, Map<String, String> headers, Object request, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables){
        //指定請求頭為json類型
        HttpHeaders httpHeaders = createHeaders(headers);
        httpHeaders.setContentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8);
        ResponseEntity<T> rsp = commonExchange(url, HttpMethod.PUT, new HttpEntity<>(request, httpHeaders), responseType, uriVariables);
        return buildResponse(rsp);
    }

    /**
     * put請求,json提交(響應業務對象支持范型)
     * @param url
     * @param headers
     * @param request
     * @param uriVariables
     */
    public <T> T put(String url, Map<String, String> headers, Object request, ParameterizedTypeReference<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables){
        //指定請求頭為json類型
        HttpHeaders httpHeaders = createHeaders(headers);
        httpHeaders.setContentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_UTF8);
        ResponseEntity<T> rsp = commonExchange(url, HttpMethod.PUT, new HttpEntity<>(request, httpHeaders), responseType, uriVariables);
        return buildResponse(rsp);
    }


    /**
     * delete請求(響應業務對象不支持范型)
     * @param url
     * @param headers
     * @param uriVariables
     * @return
     */
    public <T> T delete(String url, Map<String, String> headers, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables){
        ResponseEntity<T> rsp = commonExchange(url, HttpMethod.DELETE, new HttpEntity<>(createHeaders(headers)), responseType, uriVariables);
        return buildResponse(rsp);
    }

    /**
     * delete請求(響應業務對象支持范型)
     * @param url
     * @param headers
     * @param uriVariables
     * @return
     */
    public <T> T delete(String url, Map<String, String> headers, ParameterizedTypeReference<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables){
        ResponseEntity<T> rsp = commonExchange(url, HttpMethod.DELETE, new HttpEntity<>(createHeaders(headers)), responseType, uriVariables);
        return buildResponse(rsp);
    }


    /**
     * post請求,文件表單上傳提交(響應業務對象不支持范型)
     * 支持restful風格
     * @param url
     * @param headers
     * @param paramMap
     * @param responseType
     * @param uriVariables
     * @param <T>
     * @return
     */
    public <T> T uploadFile(String url, Map<String, String> headers, MultiValueMap<String, Object> paramMap, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables){
        //指定請求頭為文件&表單類型
        HttpHeaders httpHeaders = createHeaders(headers);
        httpHeaders.setContentType(MediaType.MULTIPART_FORM_DATA);
        ResponseEntity<T> rsp = commonExchange(url, HttpMethod.POST, new HttpEntity<>(paramMap, httpHeaders), responseType, uriVariables);
        return buildResponse(rsp);
    }


    /**
     * post請求,文件表單上傳提交(響應業務對象支持范型)
     * 支持restful風格
     * @param url
     * @param headers
     * @param paramMap
     * @param responseType
     * @param uriVariables
     * @param <T>
     * @return
     */
    public <T> T uploadFile(String url, Map<String, String> headers, MultiValueMap<String, Object> paramMap, ParameterizedTypeReference<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables){
        //指定請求頭為文件&表單類型
        HttpHeaders httpHeaders = createHeaders(headers);
        httpHeaders.setContentType(MediaType.MULTIPART_FORM_DATA);
        ResponseEntity<T> rsp = commonExchange(url, HttpMethod.POST, new HttpEntity<>(paramMap, httpHeaders), responseType, uriVariables);
        return buildResponse(rsp);
    }


    /**
     * 下載文件
     * @param url
     * @param headers
     * @param uriVariables
     * @return
     */
    public byte[] downloadFile(String url, Map<String, String> headers, Object... uriVariables){
        ResponseEntity<byte[]> rsp = commonExchange(url, HttpMethod.GET, new HttpEntity<>(createHeaders(headers)), byte[].class, uriVariables);
        return buildResponse(rsp);
    }


    /**
     * 下載大文件
     * @param url
     * @param headers
     * @param responseExtractor
     * @param uriVariables
     */
    public void downloadBigFile(String url, Map<String, String> headers, ResponseExtractor responseExtractor, Object... uriVariables){
        RequestCallback requestCallback = request -> {
            //指定請求頭信息
            request.getHeaders().addAll(createHeaders(headers));
            //定義請求頭的接收類型
            request.getHeaders().setAccept(Arrays.asList(MediaType.APPLICATION_OCTET_STREAM, MediaType.ALL));
        };
        restTemplate.execute(url, HttpMethod.GET, requestCallback,responseExtractor, uriVariables);
    }


    /**
     * 公共http請求方法(響應業務對象不支持范型)
     * @param url
     * @param method
     * @param requestEntity
     * @param responseType
     * @param uriVariables
     * @param <T>
     * @return
     */
    public <T> ResponseEntity<T> commonExchange(String url, HttpMethod method, HttpEntity<?> requestEntity, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables){
        return restTemplate.exchange(url, method, requestEntity, responseType, uriVariables);
    }


    /**
     * 公共http請求方法(響應業務對象支持范型)
     * @param url
     * @param method
     * @param requestEntity
     * @param responseType
     * @param uriVariables
     * @param <T>
     * @return
     */
    public <T> ResponseEntity<T> commonExchange(String url, HttpMethod method, HttpEntity<?> requestEntity, ParameterizedTypeReference<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables){
        return restTemplate.exchange(url, method, requestEntity, responseType, uriVariables);
    }



    /**
     * 封裝頭部參數
     * @param headers
     * @return
     */
    private HttpHeaders createHeaders(Map<String, String> headers){
        return new HttpHeaders(){{
            if(headers != null && !headers.isEmpty()){
                headers.entrySet().forEach(item -> {
                    set(item.getKey(), item.getValue());
                });
            }
        }};
    }


    /**
     * 封裝請求體
     * @param paramMap
     * @return
     */
    private MultiValueMap<String, Object> createBody(Map<String, Object> paramMap){
        MultiValueMap<String, Object> valueMap = new LinkedMultiValueMap<>();
        if(paramMap != null && !paramMap.isEmpty()){
            paramMap.entrySet().forEach(item -> {
                valueMap.add(item.getKey(), item.getValue());
            });
        }
        return valueMap;
    }

    /**
     * 返回響應對象
     * @param rsp
     * @param <T>
     * @return
     */
    private <T> T buildResponse(ResponseEntity<T> rsp){
        if(!rsp.getStatusCode().is2xxSuccessful()){
            throw new RuntimeException(rsp.getStatusCode().getReasonPhrase());
        }
        return rsp.getBody();
    }
}

  • 最后,我們來做一下單元測試,使用案例如下,接口api還是基于上篇文章提供的服務
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
@SpringBootTest
public class HttpControllerJunit {


    @Autowired
    private HttpTemplate httpTemplate;


    /**
     * get請求測試
     */
    @Test
    public void testGet(){
        //請求地址
        String url = "http://localhost:8080/testGet";

        //發起請求,直接返回對象
        ResponseBean responseBean = httpTemplate.get(url, createHeader("get"), ResponseBean.class);
        System.out.println(responseBean.toString());
    }

    /**
     * get請求測試,restful風格
     */
    @Test
    public void testGetByRestFul(){
        //請求地址
        String url = "http://localhost:8080/testGetByRestFul/{1}";

        //發起請求,直接返回對象(restful風格)
        ResponseBean responseBean = httpTemplate.get(url, createHeader("testGetByRestFul"), ResponseBean.class, "張三");
        System.out.println(responseBean.toString());
    }


    /**
     * 模擬表單提交,post請求
     */
    @Test
    public void testPostByForm(){
        //請求地址
        String url = "http://localhost:8080/testPostByFormAndObj";

        //表單參數
        Map<String, Object> paramMap = new HashMap<>();
        paramMap.put("userName", "唐三藏");
        paramMap.put("userPwd", "123456");

        //發起請求
        ResponseBean responseBean = httpTemplate.postByFrom(url, createHeader("testPostByFormAndObj"), paramMap, ResponseBean.class);
        System.out.println(responseBean.toString());
    }

    /**
     * 模擬JSON提交,post請求
     */
    @Test
    public void testPostByJson(){
        //請求地址
        String url = "http://localhost:8080/testPostByJson";

        //入參
        RequestBean request = new RequestBean();
        request.setUserName("唐三藏");
        request.setUserPwd("123456789");

        //發送post請求,并打印結果,以String類型接收響應結果JSON字符串
        ResponseBean responseBean = httpTemplate.postByJson(url, createHeader("testPostByJson"), request, ResponseBean.class);
        System.out.println(responseBean.toString());
    }

    /**
     * 重定向,post請求,json方式提交
     */
    @Test
    public void testPostByLocation(){
        //請求地址
        String url = "http://localhost:8080/testPostByLocation";

        //入參
        RequestBean request = new RequestBean();
        request.setUserName("唐三藏");
        request.setUserPwd("123456789");

        //用于提交完成數據之后的頁面跳轉
        String uri = httpTemplate.postForLocation(url,  createHeader("testPostByLocation"), request);
        System.out.println(uri);
    }


    /**
     * put請求,json方式提交
     */
    @Test
    public void testPutByJson(){
        //請求地址
        String url = "http://localhost:8080/testPutByJson";

        //入參
        RequestBean request = new RequestBean();
        request.setUserName("唐三藏");
        request.setUserPwd("123456789000");

        //模擬JSON提交,put請求
        ResponseBean responseBean = httpTemplate.put(url,  createHeader("testPutByJson"), request, ResponseBean.class);
        System.out.println(responseBean.toString());
    }

    /**
     * delete請求,json方式提交
     */
    @Test
    public void testDeleteByJson(){
        //請求地址
        String url = "http://localhost:8080/testDeleteByJson";

        //模擬JSON提交,delete請求
        ResponseBean responseBean = httpTemplate.delete(url,  createHeader("testDeleteByJson"), ResponseBean.class);
        System.out.println(responseBean.toString());
    }

    /**
     * 文件上傳,post請求
     */
    @Test
    public void uploadFile(){
        //需要上傳的文件
        String filePath = "/Users/panzhi/Desktop/Jietu20220205-194655.jpg";

        //請求地址
        String url = "http://localhost:8080/upload";

        //提交參數設置
        MultiValueMap<String, Object> param = new LinkedMultiValueMap<>();
        param.add("uploadFile", new FileSystemResource(new File(filePath)));
        //服務端如果接受額外參數,可以傳遞
        param.add("userName", "張三");

        ResponseBean responseBean = httpTemplate.uploadFile(url, createHeader("uploadFile"), param, ResponseBean.class);
        System.out.println(responseBean.toString());
    }

    /**
     * 小文件下載
     * @throws IOException
     */
    @Test
    public void downloadFile() throws IOException {
        String userName = "張三";
        String fileName = "f9057640-90b2-4f86-9a4b-72ad0e253d0d.jpg";
        //請求地址
        String url = "http://localhost:8080/downloadFile/{1}/{2}";

        //發起請求,直接返回對象(restful風格)
        byte[] stream = httpTemplate.downloadFile(url, createHeader("downloadFile"), userName,fileName);

        // 將下載下來的文件內容保存到本地
        String targetPath = "/Users/panzhi/Desktop/"  + fileName;
        Files.write(Paths.get(targetPath), Objects.requireNonNull(stream, "未獲取到下載文件"));
    }

    /**
     * 大文件下載
     * @throws IOException
     */
    @Test
    public void downloadBigFile() {
        String userName = "張三";
        String fileName = "f9057640-90b2-4f86-9a4b-72ad0e253d0d.jpg";
        String targetPath = "/Users/panzhi/Desktop/"  + fileName;

        //請求地址
        String url = "http://localhost:8080/downloadFile/{1}/{2}";

        //對響應進行流式處理而不是將其全部加載到內存中
        httpTemplate.downloadBigFile(url, createHeader("downloadBigFile"), clientHttpResponse -> {
            Files.copy(clientHttpResponse.getBody(), Paths.get(targetPath));
            return null;
        }, userName, fileName);
    }


    /**
     * 自定義請求頭部
     * @param value
     * @return
     */
    private Map<String, String> createHeader(String value){
        Map<String, String> headers = new HashMap<>();
        headers.put("token", value);
        return headers;
    }
}
  • 假如返回的對象是一個范型,應該怎么處理呢?

在上篇文章中,我們介紹的返回對象都是非范型,例如返回的都是ResponseBean這個業務對象,用法也很簡單,以POST請求+JSON提交方式為例,通過如下方式即可實現返回對象的序列化!

ResponseBean responseBean = httpTemplate.postByJson(url, createHeader("testPostByJson"), request, ResponseBean.class);

但是,假如返回的對象是ResponseBean<xxx>這樣的,通過上面的方式來操作會直接報錯

當遇到返回的對象是范型類型的時候,我們可以這樣操作!

以下面這個/testPostByJsonObj接口為例!

/**
 * 模擬JSON請求,post方法測試
 * @param request
 * @return
 */
@RequestMapping(value = "testPostByJsonObj", method = RequestMethod.POST)
public ResponseBeanObj<ResponseBean> testPostByJsonObj(@RequestBody RequestBean requestBean,
                                              HttpServletRequest request){
    HttpServletRequestLog.systemLog(request);
    //范型測試
    ResponseBean responseBean = new ResponseBean();
    responseBean.setCode("200000");
    responseBean.setMsg("responseBean");

    //范型測試
    ResponseBeanObj<ResponseBean> result = new ResponseBeanObj<>();
    result.setCode("200");
    result.setMsg("請求成功,方法:testPostByJsonObj,請求參數:" + JSON.toJSONString(requestBean));
    result.setObj(responseBean);
    System.out.println(JSON.toJSONString(result));
    return result;
}

使用RestTemplate工具發起網絡請求,代碼如下!

//將返回的范型對象包裝到ParameterizedTypeReference對象里面
ParameterizedTypeReference<ResponseBeanObj<ResponseBean>> typeRef = new ParameterizedTypeReference<ResponseBeanObj<ResponseBean>>() {};

//使用restTemplate發起網絡請求
ResponseBeanObj<ResponseBean> responseBean = restTemplate.exchange(url, HttpMethod.POST, request, typeRef);

采用restTemplate.exchange()方法,即可實現返回對象范型類型的反序列化!

如果使用上面封裝的HttpTemplate工具進行操作,也更簡單,代碼如下:

/**
 * 模擬JSON提交,post請求,范型返回對象測試
 */
@Test
public void testPostByJsonObj(){
    //請求地址
    String url = "http://localhost:8080/testPostByJsonObj";

    //入參
    RequestBean request = new RequestBean();
    request.setUserName("唐三藏");
    request.setUserPwd("123456789");

    //發送post請求
    ParameterizedTypeReference<ResponseBeanObj<ResponseBean>> typeRef = new ParameterizedTypeReference<ResponseBeanObj<ResponseBean>>() {};
    //范型測試
    ResponseBeanObj<ResponseBean> responseBean = httpTemplate.postByJson(url, createHeader("testPostByJsonObj"), request, typeRef);
    System.out.println(JSON.toJSONString(responseBean));
}

三、自定義攔截器

在某些場景下,當你使用restTemplate發起網絡請求時,所有的請求頭部需要帶上統一的參數,例如Authorization鑒權碼,這個時候改怎么辦呢?

可能有的同學,想到的就是在傳參數的時候,帶上請求頭部參數!這種方法也可以解決問題!

有沒有好的辦法統一入口加入呢?

答案肯定是有的,我們可以利用RestTemplate提供的攔截器鏈來解決這個問題。

例如在RestTemplate初始化之后,添加一個攔截器,然后在攔截器的請求頭部統一注入鑒權碼,就可以輕松實現全局加入某個參數,方式如下!

/**
 * 初始化RestTemplate
 * @return
 */
@Bean
public RestTemplate restTemplate(){
    RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate(getClientHttpRequestFactory());
    // 添加一個攔截器,在請求頭部添加 Authorization 鑒權碼
    restTemplate.getInterceptors().add((request, body, execution) -> {
        request.getHeaders().add("Authorization", "xxxxxXXXXX");
        return execution.execute(request, body);
    });
    return restTemplate;
}

四、小結

通過本章的講解,想必讀者初步的了解了如何基于RestTemplate做第二次封裝,以便于更佳適配當前團隊開發人員的習慣。

RestTemplate的功能其實非常強大,作者也僅僅學了點皮毛,在后續如果有新的功能,也會分享給大家,希望對網友們有所幫助!

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