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作者：db匠

鏈接：https://yq.aliyun.com/articles/72501

sql語句的執(zhí)行順序：

FROM 
<left_table>
ON 
<join_condition>
<join_type>
 JOIN 
<right_table>
WHERE 
<where_condition>
GROUP BY 
<group_by_list>
HAVING 
<having_condition>
SELECT
DISTINCT 
<select_list>
ORDER BY 
<order_by_condition>
LIMIT 
<limit_number>

1、LIMIT 語句

分頁查詢是最常用的場景之一，但也通常也是最容易出問題的地方。比如對于下面簡單的語句，一般 DBA 想到的辦法是在 type, name, create_time 字段上加組合索引。這樣條件排序都能有效的利用到索引，性能迅速提升。

SELECT * 
FROM operation 
WHERE type = 'SQLStats' 
 AND name = 'SlowLog' 
ORDER BY create_time 
LIMIT 1000, 10; 

好吧，可能90%以上的 DBA 解決該問題就到此為止。但當 LIMIT 子句變成 “LIMIT 1000000,10” 時，程序員仍然會抱怨：我只取10條記錄為什么還是慢？

要知道數(shù)據(jù)庫也并不知道第1000000條記錄從什么地方開始，即使有索引也需要從頭計算一次。出現(xiàn)這種性能問題，多數(shù)情形下是程序員偷懶了。

在前端數(shù)據(jù)瀏覽翻頁，或者大數(shù)據(jù)分批導出等場景下，是可以將上一頁的最大值當成參數(shù)作為查詢條件的。SQL 重新設計如下：

SELECT * 
FROM operation 
WHERE type = 'SQLStats' 
AND name = 'SlowLog' 
AND create_time > '2017-03-16 14:00:00' 
ORDER BY create_time limit 10;

在新設計下查詢時間基本固定，不會隨著數(shù)據(jù)量的增長而發(fā)生變化。

2、隱式轉換

SQL語句中查詢變量和字段定義類型不匹配是另一個常見的錯誤。比如下面的語句：

MySQL> explain extended SELECT * 
 > FROM my_balance b 
 > WHERE b.bpn = 14000000123 
 > AND b.isverified IS NULL ;
mysql> show warnings;
| Warning | 1739 | Cannot use ref access on index 'bpn' due to type or collation conversion on field 'bpn'

其中字段 bpn 的定義為 varchar(20)，MySQL 的策略是將字符串轉換為數(shù)字之后再比較。函數(shù)作用于表字段，索引失效。

上述情況可能是應用程序框架自動填入的參數(shù)，而不是程序員的原意。現(xiàn)在應用框架很多很繁雜，使用方便的同時也小心它可能給自己挖坑。

3、關聯(lián)更新、刪除

雖然 MySQL5.6 引入了物化特性，但需要特別注意它目前僅僅針對查詢語句的優(yōu)化。對于更新或刪除需要手工重寫成 JOIN。

比如下面 UPDATE 語句，MySQL 實際執(zhí)行的是循環(huán)/嵌套子查詢（DEPENDENT SUBQUERY)，其執(zhí)行時間可想而知。

UPDATE operation o 
SET status = 'Applying' 
WHERE o.id IN (SELECT id 
 FROM (SELECT o.id, 
 o.status 
 FROM operation o 
 WHERE o.group = 123 
 AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' ) 
 ORDER BY o.parent, 
 o.id 
 LIMIT 1) t); 

執(zhí)行計劃：

+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | o | index | | PRIMARY | 8 | | 24 | Using where; Using temporary |
| 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | | | | | | | | Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables |
| 3 | DERIVED | o | ref | idx_2,idx_5 | idx_5 | 8 | const | 1 | Using where; Using filesort |
+----+--------------------+-------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+

重寫為 JOIN 之后，子查詢的選擇模式從 DEPENDENT SUBQUERY 變成 DERIVED，執(zhí)行速度大大加快，從7秒降低到2毫秒。

UPDATE operation o 
 JOIN (SELECT o.id, 
 o.status 
 FROM operation o 
 WHERE o.group = 123 
 AND o.status NOT IN ( 'done' ) 
 ORDER BY o.parent, 
 o.id 
 LIMIT 1) t
 ON o.id = t.id 
SET status = 'applying' 

執(zhí)行計劃簡化為：

+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | | | | | | | | Impossible WHERE noticed after reading const tables |
| 2 | DERIVED | o | ref | idx_2,idx_5 | idx_5 | 8 | const | 1 | Using where; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+-----------------------------------------------------+

4、混合排序

MySQL 不能利用索引進行混合排序。但在某些場景，還是有機會使用特殊方法提升性能的。

SELECT * 
FROM my_order o 
 INNER JOIN my_appraise a ON a.orderid = o.id 
ORDER BY a.is_reply ASC, 
 a.appraise_time DESC 
LIMIT 0, 20 

執(zhí)行計劃顯示為全表掃描：

+----+-------------+-------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+---------------+---------+-+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra 
+----+-------------+-------+--------+-------------+---------+---------+---------------+---------+-+
| 1 | SIMPLE | a | ALL | idx_orderid | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1967647 | Using filesort |
| 1 | SIMPLE | o | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 122 | a.orderid | 1 | NULL |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------+---------+---------+-----------------+---------+-+

由于 is_reply 只有0和1兩種狀態(tài)，我們按照下面的方法重寫后，執(zhí)行時間從1.58秒降低到2毫秒。

SELECT * 
FROM ((SELECT *
 FROM my_order o 
 INNER JOIN my_appraise a 
 ON a.orderid = o.id 
 AND is_reply = 0 
 ORDER BY appraise_time DESC 
 LIMIT 0, 20) 
 UNION ALL 
 (SELECT *
 FROM my_order o 
 INNER JOIN my_appraise a 
 ON a.orderid = o.id 
 AND is_reply = 1 
 ORDER BY appraise_time DESC 
 LIMIT 0, 20)) t 
ORDER BY is_reply ASC, 
 appraisetime DESC 
LIMIT 20; 

5、EXISTS語句

MySQL 對待 EXISTS 子句時，仍然采用嵌套子查詢的執(zhí)行方式。如下面的 SQL 語句：

SELECT *
FROM my_neighbor n 
 LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra 
 ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id 
 AND sra.user_id = 'xxx' 
WHERE n.topic_status < 4 
 AND EXISTS(SELECT 1 
 FROM message_info m 
 WHERE n.id = m.neighbor_id 
 AND m.inuser = 'xxx') 
 AND n.topic_type <> 5 

執(zhí)行計劃為：

+----+--------------------+-------+------+-----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+--------------------+-------+------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+
| 1 | PRIMARY | n | ALL | | NULL | NULL | NULL | 1086041 | Using where |
| 1 | PRIMARY | sra | ref | | idx_user_id | 123 | const | 1 | Using where |
| 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | m | ref | | idx_message_info | 122 | const | 1 | Using index condition; Using where |
+----+--------------------+-------+------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+-------+---------+ -----+

去掉 exists 更改為 join，能夠避免嵌套子查詢，將執(zhí)行時間從1.93秒降低為1毫秒。

SELECT *
FROM my_neighbor n 
 INNER JOIN message_info m 
 ON n.id = m.neighbor_id 
 AND m.inuser = 'xxx' 
 LEFT JOIN my_neighbor_apply sra 
 ON n.id = sra.neighbor_id 
 AND sra.user_id = 'xxx' 
WHERE n.topic_status < 4 
 AND n.topic_type <> 5 

新的執(zhí)行計劃：

+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+
| 1 | SIMPLE | m | ref | | idx_message_info | 122 | const | 1 | Using index condition |
| 1 | SIMPLE | n | eq_ref | | PRIMARY | 122 | ighbor_id | 1 | Using where |
| 1 | SIMPLE | sra | ref | | idx_user_id | 123 | const | 1 | Using where |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+ -----+------------------------------------------+---------+ -----+------+ -----+

6、條件下推

外部查詢條件不能夠下推到復雜的視圖或子查詢的情況有：

1、聚合子查詢；2、含有 LIMIT 的子查詢；3、UNION 或 UNION ALL 子查詢；4、輸出字段中的子查詢；

如下面的語句，從執(zhí)行計劃可以看出其條件作用于聚合子查詢之后：

SELECT * 
FROM (SELECT target, 
 Count(*) 
 FROM operation 
 GROUP BY target) t 
WHERE target = 'rm-xxxx' 
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | ref | <auto_key0> | <auto_key0> | 514 | const | 2 | Using where |
| 2 | DERIVED | operation | index | idx_4 | idx_4 | 519 | NULL | 20 | Using index |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+

確定從語義上查詢條件可以直接下推后，重寫如下：

SELECT target, 
 Count(*) 
FROM operation 
WHERE target = 'rm-xxxx' 
GROUP BY target

執(zhí)行計劃變?yōu)椋?/p>

+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | operation | ref | idx_4 | idx_4 | 514 | const | 1 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-----------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+--------------------+

關于 MySQL 外部條件不能下推的詳細解釋說明請參考以前文章：MySQL · 性能優(yōu)化 · 條件下推到物化表 http://mysql.taobao.org/monthly/2016/07/08

7、提前縮小范圍**

先上初始 SQL 語句：

SELECT * 
FROM my_order o 
 LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u 
 ON o.uid = u.uid
 LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p 
 ON o.pid = p.pid 
WHERE ( o.display = 0 ) 
 AND ( o.ostaus = 1 ) 
ORDER BY o.selltime DESC 
LIMIT 0, 15 

該SQL語句原意是：先做一系列的左連接，然后排序取前15條記錄。從執(zhí)行計劃也可以看出，最后一步估算排序記錄數(shù)為90萬，時間消耗為12秒。

+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | o | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 909119 | Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort |
| 1 | SIMPLE | u | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | o.uid | 1 | NULL |
| 1 | SIMPLE | p | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 6 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
+----+-------------+-------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+

由于最后 WHERE 條件以及排序均針對最左主表，因此可以先對 my_order 排序提前縮小數(shù)據(jù)量再做左連接。SQL 重寫后如下，執(zhí)行時間縮小為1毫秒左右。

SELECT * 
FROM (
SELECT * 
FROM my_order o 
WHERE ( o.display = 0 ) 
 AND ( o.ostaus = 1 ) 
ORDER BY o.selltime DESC 
LIMIT 0, 15
) o 
 LEFT JOIN my_userinfo u 
 ON o.uid = u.uid 
 LEFT JOIN my_productinfo p 
 ON o.pid = p.pid 
ORDER BY o.selltime DESC
limit 0, 15

再檢查執(zhí)行計劃：子查詢物化后（select_type=DERIVED)參與 JOIN。雖然估算行掃描仍然為90萬，但是利用了索引以及 LIMIT 子句后，實際執(zhí)行時間變得很小。

+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 15 | Using temporary; Using filesort |
| 1 | PRIMARY | u | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 4 | o.uid | 1 | NULL |
| 1 | PRIMARY | p | ALL | PRIMARY | NULL | NULL | NULL | 6 | Using where; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) |
| 2 | DERIVED | o | index | NULL | idx_1 | 5 | NULL | 909112 | Using where |
+----+-------------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+

8、中間結果集下推

再來看下面這個已經(jīng)初步優(yōu)化過的例子(左連接中的主表優(yōu)先作用查詢條件)：

SELECT a.*, 
 c.allocated 
FROM ( 
 SELECT resourceid 
 FROM my_distribute d 
 WHERE isdelete = 0 
 AND cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
 ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a 
LEFT JOIN 
 ( 
 SELECT resourcesid， sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated 
 FROM my_resources 
 GROUP BY resourcesid) c 
ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

那么該語句還存在其它問題嗎？不難看出子查詢 c 是全表聚合查詢，在表數(shù)量特別大的情況下會導致整個語句的性能下降。

其實對于子查詢 c，左連接最后結果集只關心能和主表 resourceid 能匹配的數(shù)據(jù)。因此我們可以重寫語句如下，執(zhí)行時間從原來的2秒下降到2毫秒。

SELECT a.*, 
 c.allocated 
FROM ( 
 SELECT resourceid 
 FROM my_distribute d 
 WHERE isdelete = 0 
 AND cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
 ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a 
LEFT JOIN 
 ( 
 SELECT resourcesid， sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated 
 FROM my_resources r, 
 ( 
 SELECT resourceid 
 FROM my_distribute d 
 WHERE isdelete = 0 
 AND cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
 ORDER BY salecode limit 20) a 
 WHERE r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid 
 GROUP BY resourcesid) c 
ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

但是子查詢 a 在我們的SQL語句中出現(xiàn)了多次。這種寫法不僅存在額外的開銷，還使得整個語句顯的繁雜。使用 WITH 語句再次重寫：

WITH a AS 
( 
 SELECT resourceid 
 FROM my_distribute d 
 WHERE isdelete = 0 
 AND cusmanagercode = '1234567' 
 ORDER BY salecode limit 20)
SELECT a.*, 
 c.allocated 
FROM a 
LEFT JOIN 
 ( 
 SELECT resourcesid， sum(ifnull(allocation, 0) * 12345) allocated 
 FROM my_resources r, 
 a 
 WHERE r.resourcesid = a.resourcesid 
 GROUP BY resourcesid) c 
ON a.resourceid = c.resourcesid

總結

數(shù)據(jù)庫編譯器產(chǎn)生執(zhí)行計劃，決定著SQL的實際執(zhí)行方式。但是編譯器只是盡力服務，所有數(shù)據(jù)庫的編譯器都不是盡善盡美的。

上述提到的多數(shù)場景，在其它數(shù)據(jù)庫中也存在性能問題。了解數(shù)據(jù)庫編譯器的特性，才能避規(guī)其短處，寫出高性能的SQL語句。

程序員在設計數(shù)據(jù)模型以及編寫SQL語句時，要把算法的思想或意識帶進來。

編寫復雜SQL語句要養(yǎng)成使用 WITH 語句的習慣。簡潔且思路清晰的SQL語句也能減小數(shù)據(jù)庫的負擔 。