當使用Python/ target=_blank class=infotextkey>Python進行開發(fā)時，pip是一個非常有用的包管理工具，它可以幫助我們方便地安裝、升級和管理Python包。本文將介紹一些常用的pip命令，以幫助您更好地使用pip。
- 查看幫助文檔
運行pip --help運行這個命令將幫助我們更好地了解pip的使用，pip命令的參數(shù)會完整展示出來，如下：
pip --help
Usage:
pip <command> [options]
Commands:
install Install packages.
download Download packages.
uninstall Uninstall packages.
freeze Output installed packages in requirements format.
inspect Inspect the python environment.
list List installed packages.
show Show information about installed packages.
check Verify installed packages have compatible dependencies.
config Manage local and global configuration.
search Search PyPI for packages.
cache Inspect and manage pip's wheel cache.
index Inspect information avAIlable from package indexes.
wheel Build wheels from your requirements.
hash Compute hashes of package archives.
completion A helper command used for command completion.
debug Show information useful for debugging.
help Show help for commands.
General Options:
-h, --help Show help.
--debug Let unhandled exceptions propagate outside the main subroutine, instead of logging them
to stderr.
--isolated Run pip in an isolated mode, ignoring environment variables and user configuration.
--require-virtualenv Allow pip to only run in a virtual environment; exit with an error otherwise.
-v, --verbose Give more output. Option is additive, and can be used up to 3 times.
-V, --version Show version and exit.
-q, --quiet Give less output. Option is additive, and can be used up to 3 times (corresponding to
WARNING, ERROR, and CRITICAL logging levels).
--log <path> Path to a verbose Appending log.
--no-input Disable prompting for input.
--proxy <proxy> Specify a proxy in the form scheme://[user:passwd@]proxy.server:port.
--retries <retries> Maximum number of retries each connection should attempt (default 5 times).
--timeout <sec> Set the socket timeout (default 15 seconds).
--exists-action <action> Default action when a path already exists: (s)witch, (i)gnore, (w)ipe, (b)ackup,
(a)bort.
--tRusted-host <hostname> Mark this host or host:port pair as trusted, even though it does not have valid or any
HTTPS.
--cert <path> Path to PEM-encoded CA certificate bundle. If provided, overrides the default. See 'SSL
Certificate Verification' in pip documentation for more information.
--client-cert <path> Path to SSL client certificate, a single file containing the private key and the
certificate in PEM format.
--cache-dir <dir> Store the cache data in <dir>.
--no-cache-dir Disable the cache.
--disable-pip-version-check
Don't periodically check PyPI to determine whether a new version of pip is available for
download. Implied with --no-index.
--no-color Suppress colored output.
--no-python-version-warning
Silence deprecation warnings for upcoming unsupported Pythons.
--use-feature <feature> Enable new functionality, that may be backward incompatible.
--use-deprecated <feature> Enable deprecated functionality, that will be removed in the future.
- 查看版本
pip --version # python2.x命令
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pip3 --version # python3.x命令
- 升級pip版本
我們在安裝第三方庫時，有時會提醒我們要對pip進行更新，下面的命令就可以升級pip命令，命令如下：
pip install -U pip
- 查看已經(jīng)安裝的庫
pip list
# 查找某個具體的庫
pip list | grep 庫名 # mac系統(tǒng)或者linux系統(tǒng)
pip list | findstr 庫名 # windows系統(tǒng)
安裝第三方庫
安裝第三方庫需要運行pip install 這一條命令，下面是安裝庫名的幾條具體命令：
pip install [options] <requirement specifier> [package-index-options] ...
pip install [options] -r <requirements file> [package-index-options] ...
pip install [options] [-e] <vcs project url> ...
pip install [options] [-e] <local project path> ...
pip install [options] <archive url/path> ...
直接安裝
直接運行pip install [options] [package-index-options] 這一條命令，即可安裝自己想要的庫，示例如下：
pip install selenium
指定版本安裝
有時候我們需要指定安裝庫的版本，所以我們就需要在命令中加上版本限制
pip install package # 默認安裝最新版本
pip install package==3.141.0 # 指定版本
pip install package>=3.141.0 # 最小版本
指定源安裝
pip默認是使用https://pypi.python.org/simple這個官方源地址，但是這個源安裝庫可能會比較慢，所以我們可以指定境內源進行安裝，加快速度，常用的境內源地址如下：
清華：https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
阿里云：http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
中國科技大學 https://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple/
山東理工大學：http://pypi.sdutlinux.org/
豆瓣：http://pypi.douban.com/simple/
安裝命令如下：
pip install -i https://pypi.douban.com/simple/ package
通過 requirements 文件批量安裝第三方庫
我們從Github等倉庫中拉取代碼之后，需要在本地運行項目時，如果項目帶有requirements文件，我們只需要通過這個文件就可以一次性安裝這個項目所需要的第三方庫了。
pip install [options] -r [package-index-options]
示例如下：
pip install -r requirements.txt
下載包但不安裝
pip install <包名> -d <目錄>
pip install -d <目錄> -r requirements.txt
卸載包
pip uninstall package
pip uninstall -r requirements.txt
更新包
pip install --upgrade package
pip install -U package # --upgrade 可簡寫為 -U
顯示包所在的目錄
pip show -f <包名>
查詢可升級的包
pip list --outdated # 列出所有過期的庫
pip list -o # --outdated的簡寫，列出所有過期的庫
卸載 pip
python -m pip uninstall pip
